Electronic Mail: An Annotated Bibliography Erik A. Thelen Department of English University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee January 7, 1989 Electronic Mail Electronic mail is variously referred to as e-mail, email (sometimes abbreviated as EM), electronic messaging (and hence as EMS, for electronic messaging systems), and is classified by some as a subset of computer-mediated communication (or CmC). Electronic mail is part of suite of technologies made possible by networking computers. The computers may be linked together locally, as in an office or a classroom where PCs share software and peripherals (such as printers), or by telephone lines. Lee Sproull's economical definition of electronic mail underlines its distictive characteristics as a means of communication: Electronic mail uses computer text-editing and communication tools to provide a high speed message service. Anyone with a computer account can use a terminal to compose a message and send it to anyone who has a mailbox on that computer or on any other computer that communicates with the sending computer. Four important characteristics of EMS are its speed, asynchrony, lack of intermediaries, and ephemerality of messages. Messages can be transmitted in seconds. They are sent at the convenience of senders and read at the convenience of recipients. The scheduling constraints of synchronous communication vanish. Senders and receivers usually process their own mail; they do not submit messages to or receive messages from secretaries or operators who process messages for many people. Messages appear on and disappear from video screens with no hard copies left behind. Every system makes it possible to store messages on computer files and to create hard copies of them, but most messages are never translated into hard-copy form. These four characteristics lead to a communication system that is relatively fast and convenient to use. ("Using Electronic Mail," 160) As vendors of computer-mediated telecommunications services establish common gateways, the size and complexity of networks increases dramatically. AT&T, MCI, Western Union, CompuServe, Source, and a host of others currently offer electronic mail facilities to subscribers. Bibliographic Sources for Electronic Mail and Related Topics The demand for electronic messaging services, the rapid developments in the networking software itself, and the multiplication of applications are creating a market for information about electronic mail issues that is vast, varied, and complex. To compile this survey of the literature, I consulted a number of electronic databases, including the ERIC database. In addition, I found both the Business Periodicals Index and Communication Abstracts to be highly useful. The American Business Index, which can be accessed through the DIALOG service, is also an invaluable resource. Finally, the Works Cited and and References pages of many of the articles listed can provide a very rich source of bibliographic leads. The interdisciplinary character of current research in the field is remarkable. Edward Barrett's range of reference (see below) is particularly worth noting. As a help to the reader who wishes to keep up with this tide, the following list of key terms may facilitate electronic searches. This list will also give the reader some idea of the variety of issues and audiences represented in the bibliography. Access to Information; Bulletin Boards; Business Communication; Classroom Communication; Collaborative Writing; Communication Behavior; Communication Research; Computer Assisted Instruction; Computer Assisted Testing; Computer Networks; Computer Services; Computer System Design; Computer Users; Computer Uses in Education; Cooperative Learning; Copyrights; Corporate Education; Databases; Decentralization; Decision Making Skills; Distance Education; Educational Technology; Electronic Mail; Electronic Publishing; Facsimile Transmission; Group Discussion; Group Dynamics; Group Instruction; Industrial Training; Information Dissemination; Information Networks; Information Services; Information Technology; Information Transfer; Intellectual Property; Interactive Media; Interactive Systems Library Automation; Local Area Networks; Man Machine Systems; Managerial Communication; Media Choice in Organizations; Media Richness; Media Selection; Media Symbolism; Media Theory; Microcomputers; Modems; Office Automation; Online Systems; Open Education Organizational Communication; Organizational Culture; Participative Decision Making; Peer Evaluation; Problem Solving Social Networks; Teleapprenticeships; Telecommunications; Teleconferencing; Training Needs; Writing Across the Curriculum; In addition to making a note of the titles of journals, institutions, working groups, and conferences mentioned in the pages that follow, the interested reader might also wish to contact: Information Industry Association 555 New Jersey Avenue, Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 639-8262 Bibliographic Format One might well expect (and perhaps lament) the great variety of bibliographic styles in the databases, reference works, mentions, and bibliographies relevant to this topic. I have used (by dint of habit) the MLA style throughout this bibliography. However, because this document must withstand conversion to a variety of text-processing protocols, I have not indented the second and subsequent lines of the entries. Instead, I have used a blank line to separate each entry and have indented only the annotations themselves. Annotations Wherever possible, I have reproduced and cited the annotations most widely available to represent the selections which follow. Given the diversity of disciplines represented in this bibliography, I thought this would give the reader who wishes to continue the literature search a fair idea of the quality of abstracts and summaries available online. The ERIC abstracts, for example, are indicated by a closing parentetical tag which looks like this: (ERIC/AN). The initials following the slash belong to the person who wrote the abstract (unfortunately, the full names of these reviewers could not be found). In addition, I tried to incorporate, wherever possible, the authors' own abstracts or internal summaries in the annotations. These are cited, parenthetically, by page number. Authors' abstracts or executive summaries are followed by this tag: (author). Abstracts or summaries without parenthetical tags are my own. Finally, I included tags which document my sources for bibliographic references, particularly in those cases where I found one or more mentions of a title or address but was unable to acquire my own copy of the cited material. For example, an entry which I first found mentioned in an endnote or bibliography by Lee Sproull will be followed by a parenthetical remark which names Sproull as the source of the helpful mention and an abbreviated form of the title in which that mention can be found: (In Sproull, "Reducing Social Context Cues"). Although some readers may not be interested in knowing "who is quoting whom," I include these tags because of my own interest in the way information about electronic mail travels from one discipline to another. I wish to thank Gerald J. Alred and Mike Allen of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee for their help, encouragement, and interest. Any errors or clumsiness in any of the entries which follow are, of course, my responsibility alone. Comments, Suggestions, Additions If you have comments or questions about this bibliography, please feel free to contact me at thelene@csd4.csd.uwm.edu or erik_thelen@mcimail.com Abelson, Philip H. "Retrieval of Scientific and Technical Data." Editorial. Science 245.4913 (7 July 1989): 9. "In the United States, computer networks are playing an increasing role in the research and education communities. More than 600 networks with over 100,000 computers and workstations are currently linked by INTERNET. NSFNET, one of the key components of INTERNET, links 250 institutions and major laboratories. Its traffic has been increasing rapidly (9). Abramson, J.B., F.G. Arterton, and G.R. Orren. The Electronic Commonwealth: The Impact of New Media Technologies on Democratic Politics. New York: Basic, 1988. This volume is the result of a three-year study done at the Institute of Politics at Harvard University. The authors look at the potential for the rebirth of participatory democracy promised by the ability of citizens to attend electronic town meetings, to speak (as well as to be spoken to) through television, and to use computers to gain access to remote data. They focused on the gap between civic and commercial access to the new media, and its consequences for the democratic process. The book falls into three major parts. In chapters 1 and 2, the authors introduce both the democratic theory and the new technologies. In chapters 3, 4, and 5, they study the implications of the new media for three major political domains: elections, governance, and citizen participation. In chapters 6 and 7, the focus turns to issues of law and regulatory policy, in a comparative as well as an American perspective. A concluding chapter builds on the three sections of the book to discuss the value choices that lie ahead (Communication Abstracts). Acker, S. R. "Designing Communication Systems for Human Systems: Values and Assumptions of 'Socially Open Architecture.'" Communication Yearbook 12. Ed. J.A. Anderson. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989. 498-532. A designer's assumptions about human communication have a powerful effect on how the relationship between person and machine is first established and later developed. These assumptions are designed into the machine and lie dormant until activated in the user's environment. Much like a competent human communicator able to modify these a priori assumptions through interaction, technologies designed to adapt to the user's environment should find more acceptance in the social setting of system use than should a less flexibly designed system. This chapter attempts to identify some of the critical features of this process of design and the integral connection of these design features to the process of implementing: finding social acceptance for new communication technologies. Socially open architecture is the approach advocated for designing technology-based communication systems. Of particular importance to this approach are two assumptions about (1) the purposes for the technological innovation; and (2) the users as individual information processors and as persons embedded in larger social contexts (Communication Abstracts). Alberty, Catherine A. "A Step Beyond Audience Analysis: A Writer's Awareness of Audience While Composing." Proceedings of the 34th International Technical Communication Conference. Denver, Colorado. Washington, DC: Society for Technical Communication, ret-26--ret-29, 1987. Altheide, D.L. "Computer Formats and Bureaucratic Structures." Ed. D.R. Maines, and C.J. Couch. Communication and Social Structure. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1988. 215-230. The author proposes that the media of communication used in a situation are not a passive channel over which symbols flow, but are themselves a part of the communication process. In that sense, media are both constraining and enabling. Despite the inevitable tension between the processes of meaning construction and the meanings themselves, it is theoretically important that the ways technological forms interact with organized activities be understood. He looks at the computer format, and suggests implications for social order when a bureaucratic context engulfs the computer form. The conclusion he reaches is that how we communicate precedes and limits what we communicate. When a medium used in daily affairs operates on the basis of a distinctive logic, then communication is subject to format, which in turn informs its content and situated use. The impact is even greater when, as in the case of computers, they are symbolically legitimated (Communication Abstracts). Anania, Loretta and Richard Jay Solomon. "Divining the Demand for a General-Purpose Digital Network." Telecommunications 21.12 (December 1987): 28,30. Antonoff, Michael. "Communication: Computing is the Medium for the Message." Personal Computing 13.10 (October 1989): 163-8. Special Issue: Computing in America IV (How Computing Changes Everything). Historical sketch of telecomputing. Jack Nilles coined the term "telecommuting" in 1973. According to CAP International (market research firm) 1.5 million stand-alone fax machines and 92,000 computer-based fax boards will be sold in 1989. Venture Development Corporation (market research firm) predicts that unit shipments of fax boards will reach 450,000 in 1993. "Ian Ross, president of AT&T Bell Laboratories, predicted last year that by the middle of the next decade, data transmission--machines talking to people and machines talking to machines--might well account for as much traffic on AT&T's U.S. telecommunications network as voice conversations" (167). "According to Electronic Mail & Micro Systems, a New Canaan, Conn., newsletter that covers communications technology, in 1985 some 8 million messages were sent each month to 450,000 mailboxes; in 1989, those figures were projected at 31 million monthly messages and 1.6 million mailboxes (167-8). Antonoff, Michael. "Fighting City Hall at 2400 Baud." Personal Computing 13.10 (October 1989): 170-172. Special Issue: Computing in America IV (How Computing Changes Everything). Santa Monica's Public Electronic Network (PEN) provides access to information from city hall and the community center. Electronic mail provides residents with 24 hour a day access to officials, city departments, and each other. An interactive database supports ongoing conferences and discussions on a number of topics. Argyris, C. "Management Information Systems: The Challenge to Rationality and Emotionality." Management Science 17 (1971): B275-B292. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Arms, Valerie M. "The Computer: An Aid to Collaborative Writing." The Technical Writing Teacher 11 (Spring 1984): 181- 185. (Cited in Louth, "Selected Annotated Bibliography"). Bairstow, J.N. "Electronic Mail." Inc. 10 (July 1988): 73. (Supplement: Office Guide). Ball-Rokeach, S.J., and K. Reardon. "Monologue, Dialogue, and Telelog: Comparing an Emergent Form of Communication with Traditional Forms." Advancing Communication Science: Merging Mass and Interpersonal Processes. Ed. R.P. Hawkins, J.M. Wiemann, and S. Pingree. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988. 135-161. The authors address the question of whether the emerging communication technologies represent an extension of presently existing social forms of interpersonal communication or mass communication or a third social form of human communication. They propose that the important focus in responding to this question is not new technologies per se but how they are transformed by societies for communication purposes. It is argued that sufficient evidence exists to warrant the conclusion that new communication technologies have extended what can be done via interpersonal and mass communication. The new communication technologies share with interpersonal and mass communication more than the surface features of interactivity and electronics, respectively. They share, to a greater or lesser degree, a host of characteristics that make them communication forms (Communication Abstracts). Barrett, Edward. "Introduction: A New Paradigm for Writing with and for the Computer." Text, ConText, and HyperText: Writing with and for the Computer. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988. xiii- xxv. Barrett, Edward. "Introduction: Thought and Language in a Virtual Environment." The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. Ed. Edward Barrett. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. xi-xix. Proposes a new model for thinking about the design and use of text-oriented computer applications: social construction theory rather than traditional cognitive models is used to "read" the meaning of new information systems and to plan their design. Cites Bruffee, Minsky, Vygotsky, and Zuboff (and others). Barrett, Edward, James Paradis, and F. Bequaert. "On-line Classroom: Specification for a User Interface." Athena Writing Project, MIT. 1987. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Barrett, Edward, and James Paradis. "The On-line Environment and In-House Training." Text, ConText, and HyperText: Writing with and for the Computer. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988. 227-249. Barrett, Edward, ed. The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. Divided into four sections: (1) Hypertext and Hypermedia: Designing Systems for the Online User; (2) Multimedia and Nonlinear Information Architectures; (3) The Social Perspective: Writers, Management, and the Online Environment; (4) Sensemaking, Learning, and the Online Environment. Although this book is more centrally concerned with hypertext than with electronic messaging, the essays address issues which bear on the redefinition of literacy in the online environment. See Barrett, "Introduction: Thought and Language," above. Barrett, Edward, and James Paradis. "Teaching Writing in an On- line Classroom." Harvard Educational Review 58 (1988): 154-171. Barrett, Edward, ed. Text, ConText, and HyperText: Writing with and for the Computer. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988. Divided into three sections: (1) Artificial Intelligence, Document Processing, and Hypertext; (2) Management, Training, and Corporate Culture; and (3) Designing On-line Information. "The first section explains computer techniques for implementing hypertext and natural language processing, and addresses other topics involving the processing of language on computers. The second section is about explaining computer systems, and communicating their descriptions to the users. Usually the documentation is written after the code, and the writer must often present as coherent a system that actually has the logic and consistency of the tax laws. We'd be better to write the documents first, many times. In the final section the cultural context of the documentation is discussed. The linguistic and psychological models of people using computers and instructional materials are presented, along with some thoughts about the overall job to be done, rather than just the style of the manuals" (Barrett, ix-x). Barrett, Edward. "Textual Intervention, Collaboration, and the Online Environment." The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. 305-321. Batson, Trent. "Teaching in Networked Classrooms." Computers in English and the Language Arts: The Challenge of Teacher Education. Ed. Cynthia L. Selfe, Dawn Rodrigues, and William R. Oates. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1989. 247-255. Batson discusses networked computers and video-switching technology as a way of moving beyond collaborative learning to collaborative writing (251). This is a practical, down- to-earth discussion of the challenges and potentials of networking in the classroom. Batson briefly surveys existing collaborative programs and facilities, but suggests that the transformative potential of networks is still largely untapped. "It is important to remember that when computers are networked, they cease being like fancy typewriters and take on new powers: the power to change how people relate to each other and the power to speed up classroom processes. Both powers can be brought to bear on the writing classroom, but only with training that is far different than the usual computer training. The normal computer training is like learning to drive: you still move along the ground but faster; training in networks is more like learning to fly: you have to become comfortable in a new medium" (254). Provides four guidelines for managing a networked classroom. Becker, J. "Electronic Homework in West Germany: A Critical Appraisal." The Political Economy of Information. Ed. V. Mosco and J. Wasko. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1988. 247-273. The author examines a phenomenon that writers like Toffler have claimed will transform the nature of work: the ability to work at home electronically. Becker situates his work within Habermas' theoretical perspective on the decline of the public sphere in capitalist society. He reviews critically the work of those who fantasize about how homework will end the drudgery of factory and office routines. The author concludes that electronic homework still resides largely within the realm of fantasy. A great deal more has been said about it than put into practice, largely because the practice is very risky for both labor and capital. The risks to labor, particularly to organized trade unions, are not difficult to ascertain: homework enormously complicates the organizing process. The author, however, points to a factor that has not been given much research attention: management is to maintain social control at a distance (Communication Abstracts). Beckham, Bonnie. "Networking Brown University." Technological Horizons in Education 16.8 (April 1989): 62-68. ERIC EJ 392 694 Assesses BRUNET, a campuswide network that links more than 100 academic and administrative buildings and 40 dormitories. Notes a key element is hierarchical network management and support. Discusses the deployment, security, and use of four networking spheres in the system (ERIC/MVL). Bender, Eric. "Networks Take Center Stage." PC World 7.11 (November 1989): 194-196. Wells Fargo Wholesale Loan Systems, UPS, and others use LAN applications. Bender, Eric. "Beyond E-Mail: The Groupware Potential." PC World 6.11 (November 1988): 226-229. Discusses the components of integrated "Work-Group Productivity" software, as well as the rationale for such packages. Bertrand, K. "Electronic Mail Marketers Build Critical Mass." Business Marketing. 72:35+; April 1987. Birks, G. "Electronic Mail--Its Use in a Corporate Information Centre Network." Communicating Information. Proceedings of the 43rd ASIS Annual Meeting in Anaheim, 1980. White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry Publications, 1987. 41-43. Blackwell, Mike. "Electronic Observations of Computer User Behavior." In Sara Kiesler, Lee Sproull, and Associates. From Chalkboards to BBoards: Computing and Organizational Change on Campus. Carnegie-Mellon University, CSSRC Unpublished Monograph, 1986. (Cited in Sproull and Kiesler, "Reducing Social Context Cues"). Bowen, Charles, and David Peyton. "Compuserve Electronic Mail Evolving" (First in a Series of Tutorials). Online Today (November 1989): 12-13. Bowen, Charles, and David Peyton. "More on Using Electronic Mail" (Second in a Series of Tutorials). Online Today (December 1989): 12-13. Discusses EasyPlex link to MCI Mail, Internet, Fax group 3 machines, Telex I and II machines, and to conventional postal addresses. Bressler, Stacey. "Communications: How AppleLink Improved Apple's Information Flow." Learning Tomorrow (Journal of the Apple Education Advisory Council) 4 (Winter 1988): 125-141. ERIC ED 302 203 This report describes "AppleLink," a communications system used by Apple employees, which combines an electronic mail system, bulletin boards, and databases. The development of AppleLink from the pilot project stage is described, and the basic functions and features of the system are detailed. Suggestions are made for the use of a similar system in education agencies, based on personal experience with delays and lost paperwork in the California Department of Education. Twelve figures provide examples of computer displays at various points in system use (ERIC/EW). Brown, Kenneth C. "The Administrator's Use of Microcomputer Systems." Administrator's Update 4.3 (Summer 1983). Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Administrators. ERIC ED 234 729 The use of microcomputers by college administrators to increase productivity is discussed. Microcomputers can help increase productivity in the following administrative office tasks: decision support, communication, personal assistance, and task management. One of the most promising developments to emerge from the decision sciences over the past 10 years is Decision Support Systems. The three types of decision support aids for microcomputers that have proved to be of most value to both novice and expert microcomputer users are electronic worksheets, graph and chart formatting aids, and data base management systems. Two of the automated office subsystems that can improve communications are electronic mail systems and word-processing systems. Microcomputers can be used to implement both of these types of systems. Word-processing systems can help administrators reduce the time spent on editing and revising reports and correspondence. Software packages available to administrators include those for a daily personal calendar/reminder system, keeping notes by topical areas in the initial stage of writing a speech or report, and managing office tasks such as employees' schedules. A bibliography is appended. 8 pages (ERIC/SW). Buckland, Michael K. "Combining Electronic Mail with Online Retrieval in a Library Context." Information Technology and Libraries 6.4 (December 1987): 266-71. ERIC EJ 363 855 The functions of electronic mail and online catalogs are described, and the possible uses of the two in conjunction for library purposes are explored, including notes between librarians, broadcast news, patron notifications, selective information dissemination, and interlibrary loans (ERIC/Author/CLB). Buerger, David J. "Computer Usage in a Liberal Arts University." EDUCOM Bulletin 22.2 (Summer 1987): 11-14. ERIC EJ 361 306 This discussion of increased computer usage at Santa Clara University focuses on results of a questionnaire sent to faculty and staff to determine personal computer usage. Attitudes towards support and training, electronic communications, and information sharing are discussed, and the establishment of the Personal Computer Center is described (ERIC/LRW). Brand, S. The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT. New York: Penguin, 1988. (Cited in Zimmerman, "Reconstruction"). Canna, E. "GE Electronic Mailbox Service Ready in NY/NJ." American Shipper 30 (July 1988): 86. Caras, Pauline. "Literature and Computers: A Short Bibliography, 1980-1987." College Literature 15.1 (Winter 1988): 69-82. Caswell, S.A. "Electronic Mail: The State of the Art." Telecommunications. 22 (August 1988): 27-8+. Caswell, Stephen A. Email. Boston: Artech House, 1988. Electronic mail is a series of powerful technologies ranging from telex to computer conferencing. Because of the powerful new technologies based on microelectronic components, new electronic mail systems are developing at a faster rate than are the older technologies. This book examines the strengths, weaknesses, applications, cost justification, and implementation of the technologies and the industry as a whole. Chapter 1 explains the challenge presented by the new electronic mail systems. Benefits of and justification for the use electronic mail in a variety of applications are surveyed in chapter 2. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the technologies involved in electronic mail systems. An explanation of the limitations imposed by the roadways over which electronic mail can travel is given in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter looks at telematic services: telex 1 and 2, communication word processors, and facsimiles. The remaining chapters address further such issues (Communication Abstracts). Catano, J.V. "Computer-Based Writing: Navigating the Fluid Text." College Composition and Communication 36 (1985): 309-316. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). "Chatter Boxes." Economist. 302 (7 March 1987): 75. Chin, Felix. Electronic Mail Systems: A Selected Bibliography. Monticello, IL: Vance Bibliographies, 1982. Primarily useful as a record of the early debate concerning the role of the U.S. Postal Service in electronic messaging. Chorafas, D. Office Automation: The Productivity Challenge. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). "Chrysler's Custom Electronic Mail System Uses IBM PROFS to Connect 6500 Dealers." Communications News. 25:12; F 88. Churbuck, David. "Let Your Modem Do the Walking." Forbes (May 29, 1989): 280. Churbuck, David. "Prepare for E-mail Attack." Forbes (January 32, 1989): 82-87. Clement, A. "Office Automation and the Technical Control of Information Workers." The Political Economy of Information. Ed. V. Mosco and J. Wasko. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1988. 217- 246. In this analysis of the use of office automation to centralize control of the workplace, the author identifies three specific processes. First, he shows how automation is used to deskill information workers, such as clerks and computer professional. Second, he shows how computerization puts in place sophisticated monitoring and surveillance systems that further centralize control. Finally, he describes the ways in which office computer systems are used to limit access to information, providing upper management with a deep view of the organization while keeping lower level information workers in the dark. The author's analysis refutes the postindustrial thesis that the information workers have generally decentralized control. Rather, he suggests, the information society deepens and extends patterns of centralized control that have characterized capitalist society since the Industrial Revolution (Communication Abstracts). Colomb, Gregory G. "Cultural Literacy and the Theory of Meaning: Or, What Educational Theorists Need to Know about How We Read." New Literary History 20.2 (Winter 1989): 411-450. Compton, D. Chad, et al. "Techno-Sense: Making Sense Out of the Technological Impact on Human Communication." International Communication Association. Chicago, IL, May 22-26, 1986. ERIC ED 277 060 A study examined how organizational members describe their use and perceptions of electronic mail systems. Fifty-five subjects with access to electronic mail systems were interviewed at two organizations. Results indicated that subjects used the electronic mail system in the following ways: 84% for memos, notes, and correspondence; 53% for voice mailing; 37% for updating calendars and setting up meetings; 30% for obtaining or communicating necessary information; 22% to obtain technical information; 15% for brainstorming and problem solving; and 2% for document preparation. In general, results suggest that automated office systems have little or no impact on healthy interpersonal relationships and in some cases the system extends social interaction with other organizational members. However, the data also suggest that when interpersonal relationships or organizational climate are faltering, technology may contribute to the continued deterioration of the situation. Electronic mail systems clearly change the way that employees communicate, process information, and develop and maintain relationships. (The interview guide used to collect data is appended.) 31 pages (ERIC/SRT). Conhaim, Wallys W. "Computer Conferencing in Business." Link-Up 6.2 (March/April 1989): 14-17. Connell, Stephen and Ian A. Galbraith. Electronic Mail: A Revolution in Business Communications. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983, 1982. "...[E]lectronic mail has the potential to revolutionize business communications. However, few organizations have the information needed to plan for its adoption, or even to judge its potential in the context of their daily operations. This book is intended to fill that information vacuum. It is the product of a major study, "Electronic Mail in the USA and Western Europe," undertaken by Mackintosh Consultants and Communications Studies and Planning Ltd. Initiated in 1977 and completed in 1980, the study collected data on the need for, and potential of, electronic mail at organizations throughout North America and Europe" (v). The survey included measurement of total mail received by 130 businesses, 13,000 responses to questionaires, including detailed information about individual mail items, 1700 telephone interviews, and 215 personal interviews (19). In addition to a thorough discussion of how organizations use email, the authors provide suggestions and guidelines for designing a system to meet the needs of individual firms. The book is divided into three sections: (1) User Needs and System Concepts (background, overview, and explanation of the technology); (2) Electronic Mail and Your Business (how to evaluate your own needs and design an appropriate system); and (3) Policy and Market Analysis (regulatory issues and forecasts. Two appendices provide information about suppliers. Although this information is quite dated, the format of this book provides an excellent model for subsequent guides for policy makers. Conroy, Cathryn. "EasyPlex Reaches Out." Online Today (December 1989): 18-19. Discusses Internet gateway which links EasyPlex with more than 1,000 independent networks, including BITNET (university network), ARPANET (research network), CICnet (Big 10 universities), and corporations. Coombs, Norman R. "History by Teleconference." History Microcomputer Review 4.1 (Spring 1988): 37-39. ERIC EJ 369 525 Discusses use of computer conferencing in history instruction at Rochester, New York Institute of Technology. Describes how students hand in papers and communicate with their blind professor using personal computers and modems to send and receive electronic mail on the mainframe. Examines student reactions to project and evaluates program in terms of student achievement, overall efficiency, convenience, and productivity (ERIC/GEA). Cooper, D.S. "Electronic Mail: Has Its Time Finally Come?" Office 106 (August 1987): 34-5. Corteses, Joanne G. "Computer Applications in Teaching Business and Professional Writing Courses in Four-Year Colleges: Research Suggesting Curricular Changes." The Bulletin of the Association for Business Communication 52.4 (December 1989): 3-5. This article surveys the literature on computer applications in the business and technical writing curriculum. All of the studies were published in connection with the ABC (either at conferences, in the Bulletin, or in the Journal of Business Communication) during the period 1985-1986. The literature falls into three categories: studies of general computer usage in four-year colleges, studies of specific apllications (e.g,. electronic mail, style-analysis software), and background studies which underwrite the need for curriculum development generally. Eight works are listed as references. Concise and useful. See Mitchell, R.B., et al. "An Investigation" (below). Crawford, Albert B. "Corporate Electronic Mail--A Communication- Intensive Application of Information Technology." MIS Quarterly 6 (1982): 1-14. (Cited in Sproull, "Using Electronic Mail" 1986; and in Sproull and Kiesler "Reducing"). Cross, Thomas B. and Marjorie B. Raizman. Networking: An Electronic Mail Handbook. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman, 1985. Czubek, D.H. "Understanding IBM's Electronic Mail Architectures [Document Interchange Architecture and SNA Distribution Services]." Data Communication. 15 (November 1986): 157-8+. Daiute, Colette. "The Computer as Stylus and Audience." College Composition and Communication 34 (1983): 134-145. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Daiute, Colette. "Can the Computer Stimulate Writers' Inner Dialogues?" W. Wresch, ed. The Computer in Composition: A Writer's Tool. Urbana: NCTE, 1984. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Daiute, Colette. "Issues in Using Computers to Socialize the Writing Process." Educational Communication and Technology 33 (Spring 1895): 41-50. (Cited in Louth, "Selected Annotated Bibliography"). Daiute, Colette. "Physical and Cognitive Factors in Revising: Insights from Studies with Computers." Research in the Teaching of English 20.2 (May 1986): 141-159. (Cited in Krull, "Online Writing"). Davies, Dick. "Computer-Supported Co-operative Learning Systems: Interactive Group Technologies and Open Learning." Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 25.3 (August 1988): 205-15. ERIC EJ 384 384 Discussion of interactive technologies and open learning focuses on computer supported cooperative work (CSCW), especially computer based message systems, and their effects on open learning. Topics discussed include cooperative learning; distance learning; individualized instruction; local area networks; group communication; and design principles for human-computer systems. (41 references) (ERIC/LRW). Datta, Jean. "Improving Written Electronic Communications." Administrative Management 48.8 (August 1987): 21-23. Electronic mail makes new demands on writing skills, and makes clarity and economy even more important. "[W]ritten communication will no longer be reserved [exclusively] for formal and final interchanges, but rather for casual and informal types of interaction and for tentative exchanges of ideas; in other words, for the least structures type of communication. For these purposes, the heavy, elaborate formulations and impersonal phrasings preferred for conventional written communications in business and government today will be unsuitable and will need to give way to a more natural and direct style, more appropriate to day-to-day interchanges of views and information" (22). Sidebar: "Rules of Good Writing." DeWine, Sue, et al. "Electronic and Courier Methods of Information Dissemination: A Test of Accuracy." Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association. Chicago, IL, May 1986. ERIC ED 275 331 As part of a larger endeavor to evaluate the impact of communication technology on organizations, this study assesses the accuracy of information diffusion via electronic-mail and courier-mail systems in two large organizations which have implemented electronic-mail systems in the last three years. Data were obtained through the use of questionnaires prepared using the Episodic Communication Channels in Organizations (ECCO) method. Related literature is reviewed, the research methodology is discussed, and results are presented. Conclusions indicate that channel selection has little, if any, impact on the accuracy of message recall, and that the salience of a message appears to have a more significant effect on message fidelity. Future researchers will need to address the several intervening variables that may have affected the study results. References are provided, and an ECCO format is appended. 27 pages (ERIC/KM). Dickson, G., and J. Simmons. "The Behavioral Side of MIS." Business Horizons 15 (1970): 59-71. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Dodd, Julie E. "Closeness Possible through Computer Networking." Communication: Journalism Education Today (C:JET) 22.3 (Spring 1989): 15-16. ERIC EJ 388 529 Special Issue on Scholastic Press Associations. Points out the benefits of computer networking for scholastic journalism. Discusses three systems currently offering networking possibilities for publications: the Student Press Information Network; the Youth Communication Service; and the Dow Jones Newspaper Fund's electronic mail system (ERIC/MS). Dortch, M. "Pac Bell, DEC begin Message Trials." Telephony 215 (8 August 1988): 11-12. Downing, Theodore E., et al. "Improving Instructor/Student Interaction With Electronic Mail." Engineering Education 78.4 (January 1988): 247-50. ERIC EJ 365 248 Reports on the results of a University of Arizona experiment that used electronic mail to supplement traditional modes of student/instructor interaction in four courses in electrical and computer engineering. Results indicated that students liked electronic mail to supplement their discourse with their instructors (ERIC/TW). Dvorak, John C. "Telecommuting Rights Now!" (Column). PC/Computing 2.12 (December 1989): 19. Explains how to connect your modem to a hard-wired hotel- room telephone. Edabi, Yar M. and James M. Utterback. "The Effects of Communication on Technological Innovation." Management Science 30 (1984): 572-585. (Cited in Sproull and Kiesler, "Reducing"). Edstrom, A. "User Influence and the Success of MIS Projects: A Contingency Approach." Human Relations 30 (1977): 589-607. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Edwards, Renee, et al. "Innovation in Business Organizations: Adoption of Japanese Management Principles and Communications Technologies." Annual Meeting of the Southern Speech Communication Association. Winston-Salem, NC, April 11-14, 1985. ERIC ED 259 411 A survey was completed by 248 North Carolinian companies in a study conducted to determine the extent to which businesses have responded to recent theories on Japanese management principles and communication technologies. The five areas of the survey focused on (1) characteristics of the respondent and organization, (2) communication and decision making within the organization, (3) organizational change, (4) new communication technologies, and (5) familiarity with and adoption of Japanese management principles. The companies that were investigated demonstrated many characteristics typical of more authoritarian, small, nonunion organizations. Communication was typically downward, and most decisions were made by top level management. Most companies reported being affected by new technologies or advances in their industries, and most indicated high satisfaction with them. Only 60% had computers, 17% used electronic mail, 16% used Telex, and 4% participated in video teleconferences. One-third of those interviewed were not familiar with Japanese management practices, and only 17% were very familiar. Seventy percent of the companies made no attempt to adopt such principles. While 67% of those who had adopted some Japanese principles felt they were successful, 31% were neutral (ERIC/HTH). Eighmey, C.R. "Instant Communication: Modems Make it Happen." Association Management. 39 (October 1987):140. "Electronic Mail Growing, Slowly." Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition) 28 May 1987: 1. "Electronic Mail Services." Data Communications. 15 (June 1986):198-9. (table). "Electronic Mail Services Connect [AT&T Mail, with Dial-com, Inc., subsidiary of British Telecom]." Data Communications. 18 (March 1989): 73. "Electronic Mail: User Boom." Data Communications 15 (April 1986): 76-7. (table). "Electronic Messaging [Special Report]." Communications News 24 (September 1987): 28-51. Erdman, H., M. Klein, and J. Greist. "The Reliability of a Computer Interview for Drug Use/Abuse Information." Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation 15 (1983): 66-68. (Cited in Sproull, "Using Electronic Mail"). Farkas, D.K. "Online Editing and Document Review." Technical Communication 34.3 (August 1987): 180-183. (Cited in Krull, "Online Writing"). Fenno, C.R. "Interactive Online Editing: A Review of Current Techniques." Proceedings of the 34th International Technical Communication Conference, Denver, May 10-13, 1987, WE55-58. (Cited in Krull, "Online Writing"). Fenno, C.R. "But What If the Shoe Doesn't Fit?: User Comfort in the Electronic Office." Technical Communication 34.3 (August 1987): 146-149. (Cited in Krull, "Online Writing"). Fisher, Francis Drummer. "The Electronic Lumberyard and Builders' Rights: Technology, Copyrights, Patents, and Academe." Change 21.3 (May/June 1989): 12-21. ERIC EJ 390 781 The legal system of copyright may have worked in the era of print, but with electronic technology, society needs less encumbered and cheaper access to expressed ideas. Economic success will go to those nations that best succeed in promoting creativity without inhibiting the incorporation of expressed ideas into other products (ERIC/MLW). Flynn, John P. "Simulating Policy Processes through Electronic Mail." Computers in Human Services 2.1-2 (Spring/Summer 1987): 13-26. ERIC EJ 367 051 Focuses on the use of electronic mail for teaching and learning about social welfare policy processes and compares electronic mail as a simulation medium to more structured computer applications (ERIC/Author). Fodor, G.M. "Electronic Mail vs. On-line Communication." Industrial Distribution. 77 (July 1988): 65-6. (Redinet E-mail service and Norton Connection). Forman, Janis. "Computer-Mediated Group Writing in the Workplace." Computers and Composition 5.1 (1987): 19-30. This article reviews a 1985-1986 study in which the author studied computer-mediated group writing in a 110-person software manufacturer. Seven preliminary conclusions are reviewed: "1. Difficulties with audience analysis may be exacerbated by the use of electronic messaging" (inapproriate tone and inappropriate usage are discussed at length). "2. The management of information systems is crucial to the effective use of electronic messaging in group writing" (underscores the need for clear agreement on how and when email should be used). "3. A group's maturity and the repetitiveness of its tasks enhance the group's ability to use electronic messaging effectively." "4. Electronic messaging reduces geographical distances" (and hence ameliorates the loss of organizational unity sometimes felt by personnel in distant branches). "5. Electronic messaging reduces boundaries between business and personal life" (by bringing the office into the home, and vice versa). "6. Managers use electronic messaging for different reasons and see different advantages" (e.g., accountability, convenience, more efficient scheduling and goal-setting, and reduced formality). "7. Electronic Messaging is Used Throughout the Writing Process." Forman concludes with a detailed list of questions for further research. This article previews a three-year collaborative study (undertaken by Forman and M. Lynne Markus) on management students' use of electronic messaging. Taken together, the studies will provide an interesting contrast between experienced professionals and student novices as users of electronic messaging as a medium for collaboration. Fredin, E. S. "Interactive Communication Systems, Values and the Requirement of Self-Reflection." Communication Yearbook 12. Ed. J. A. Anderson. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989. 533-546. This commentary is an elaboration of points found in the Acker chapter and the Gagnon commentary, rather than a criticism of them. The author is in agreement with the main points found in both works, and many of his points are complementary to theirs. The commentary begins with the author developing a list of implications that can be drawn from an example Acker used to demonstrate that terms often fail to describe the state of new technology. The first implications explicate some of the difficulties involved in predicting the uses of new technology. Additional implications lead to the question of whether the ultimate goal of a new communication system is being functionally equivalent to an older communication mode. The author then discusses a new technology project--the development of a computer news system in which the attempt is being made to go beyond functional equivalence. Moving beyond functional equivalence requires the socially open architecture proposed by Acker. The aspect of socially open architecture the author elaborates on is the kind of effort required by users (Communication Abstracts). Fryser, Benjamin S., and Keith H. Stirling. "The Effect of Spatial Arrangement, Upper-Lower Case Letter Combinations, and Reverse Video on Patron Response to CRT Displayed Catalog Records." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 35.6 (1984): 344-350. (Cited in Grice, "Online Information" 1989). Freedman, David H. "An Early Lead in Electronic Messaging." Infosystems 35 (January 1988): 14-19. (Digital Equipment). Gabriel, Michael R. A Guide to the Literature of Electronic Publishing: CD-ROM, Desktop Publishing, and Electronic Mail, Books and Journals. Greenwich, CT: Jai Press, 1989. Gagnon, D. "Toward an Open Architecture and User-Centered Approach to Media Design." Communication Yearbook 12. Ed. J. A. Anderson. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989. 547-555. Acker proposed an open architecture approach to media design. This design philosophy, which he calls "socially open architecture," has at its base the principle of incompleteness. The technology does not solely determine its function; instead, the user participates with the technology to realize that aim. The system acts as a partner in problem solving. Such systems can easily adapt to changes in both the environment and user. The author of this commentary argues that how much structure and control should be designed into the media is the central issue underlying an open architecture approach. She considers how much structure or lack of structure is necessary and preferred, and what the appropriate balance of control between media and user should be. She concludes that for the present, media designers should work toward designs that are driven by artificial intelligence prefilters and individually adaptive designs that are under the control of the user. These systems should be thinking, observing, and formulating their responses while still remaining open to the requests of the user (Communication Abstracts). Gandy, O.H., Jr. "The Political Economy of Communications Competence." The Political Economy of Information. Ed. V. Mosco and J. Wasko. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1988. 108-124. The author offers a concrete analysis of the threat to equality contained in the use of new communication technologies. The author reviews research on the distributional impacts of new technology and suggests that in several vital areas a substantial portion of the population in developed societies such as the United States lacks the competence to communicate in a technologically sophisticated world. Contrary to certain analysts' views, he suggests that class and race may matter more in the information society than they did in the industrial world because the powers of data gathering for surveillance, market manipulation, and general social control are greater in a society marked by computer communication systems. Privacy legislation, the main response to government and corporate data gathering so far, appears to be limited to attempts to bring laws governing theft and government intrusion in touch with modern technological realities. It is less concerned with the more complicated questions focusing on power relations (Communication Abstracts). Gerber, Barry. A Computer Network for Social Scientists. Academic Computing 3.5 (January 1989): 30-31,53-58. ERIC EJ 389 292 Describes a microcomputer-based network developed at the University of California Los Angeles to support education in the social sciences. Topics discussed include technological, managerial, and academic considerations of university networking; the use of the network in teaching macroeconomics, social demographics, and symbolic logic; and possible future developments in academic networking (ERIC/CLB). Gilfoil, D.M. "Warming Up to Computers: A Study of Cognitive And Affective Interaction Over Time." Human Factors in Computing Systems. Gaithersburg, MA, 1982. 242-250. (Cited in Krull, "Online Writing"). Gillespie, A., and H. Williams. "Telecommunications and the Reconstruction of Regional Comparative Advantage." Environment and Planning A 20.10 (October 1988): 1311-1322. The innovative use of advanced telecommunications is becoming increasingly significant within strategies used by firms to maintain or enhance their competitive position in turbulent market environments. This paper explores the implications that such innovations have for the nature of intracorporate spatial relationships, and, in a more generalized sense, for the redefinition of core-periphery regional interrelationships. In an attempt to demonstrate the significance of these developments for the reconstruction of regional comparative advantage, attention is focused on a policy domain which has been all but overlooked by regional scientists, that of telecommunications regulatory policy. The author concludes that we are witnessing a realignment of regional interrelationships in an increasingly global space economy. The bases of regional comparative advantage are rapidly shifting as the existing relational distances between places are in the process of being redefined through telecommunications-based computer innovations (Communication Abstracts). Gilsdorf, Jeanette W. "Written Corporate Communication Policy: Extent, Coverage, Costs, Benefits." Journal of Business Communication 24.4 (Fall 1987): 35-52. ERIC EJ 359 229 Answers pertinent questions about the use of corporate communication policies, based on evaluation of written policies and in-depth interviews with corporate representatives (ERIC/JC). Grice, Roger A. "Information Development is Part of Product Development--Not an Afterthought." Text, ConText, and HyperText: Writing with and for the Computer. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988. 133-148. The tasks of research (or collecting information) and writing are parallel activities. Grice, Roger A. "Online Information: What Do People Want? What Do People Need?" The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. 22-44. Grosch, Audrey N. "Electronic Bulletin Board in a University Library--The University of Minnesota Experience." Electronic Library 6.3 (June 1988): 184-91. ERIC EJ 377 791 Discusses rationale for operating an electronic bulletin board in an academic library setting and considerations for software and hardware selection. Experiences related to the operation of a bulletin board system at the University of Minnesota Library are summarized in the areas of goals and rationale, system selection, system configuration, and operating factors. 6 references (ERIC/MES). Goldberg, Fred S. "Telecommunications and the Classroom: Where We've Been and Where We Should Be Going." Computing Teacher 15.8 (May 1988): 26-30. ERIC EJ 375 261 Discussion of the use of telecommunications highlights projects designed by the New York City Board of Education to investigate telecommunications alternatives for the classroom. Telecommunications systems models are described, including electronic bulletin boards and networking; and instructional models are explained, including computer mediated dialogs, user-supported libraries, and online research (ERIC/LRW). Greist, John H., Marjorie H. Klein, and Harold P. Erdman. "Routine On-line Psychiatric Diagnosis by Computer." American Journal of Psychiatry. 12 (1976): 1405-08. (Cited in Kiesler and Sproull, "Response Effects"). Guthrie, A. "Attitudes of the User-managers Towards Management Information Systems." Management Informatics 3 (1974): 221-232. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Hargadon, T.J. "Information Services and Electronic Mail." Office. 107 (May 1988): 22. Hargadon, T.J. "A Small Convention with Big Promise." Office 106 (December 1987): 28. The Electronic Mail Association holds their annual conference in San Francisco. Haas, Christina. "How the Writing Medium Shapes the Writing Process: Effects of Word Processing on Planning." Research in the Teaching of English 23.2 (May 1989): 181+. Haas, C. and J.R. Hayes. "What Did I Just Say? Reading Problems in Writing with the Machine." Research in the Teaching of English 20.1 (February 1986): 22-35. (Cited in Krull, "Online Writing"). Hedges, K. "Presenting a User's Guide to E-mail Etiquette, or, How to Compose More Stimulating Messages." Communication News 23 (October 1986): 64. Heeter, C. "Classifying Mediated Communication Systems." Communication Yearbook 12. Ed. J. A. Anderson. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989. 477-489. The author sees Rice's chapter in this volume as a very useful reminder of the illusion of objectivity and as an important step toward classification dimensions for mediated communication systems research. She contends, however, that detailed specification of the particular mediated communication system under study is even more crucial to generalizing across studies than is classification of the research project. Section 1 of her commentary extends the scope of Rice's framework's from computer mediated communication systems. Section 2 proposes a distinction between classifying media systems and classifying media system research. Section 3 discusses the importance of detailed descriptions of media systems for generalizing across studies. Section 4 reviews other media system classification schemata. Section 5 proposes and applies a schema based on two traditional communication variables: function and channel. Section 6 discusses extensions of that schema (Communication Abstracts). Hellweg, Susan A., et al. "Emerging Organizational Electronic Communication Technologies: A Selected Review of the Literature." Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association. Denver, CO, November 7-10, 1985. ERIC ED 263 645 A selective review of research dealing with emerging organizational electronic communication technologies from the communication, management, and organizational psychology literature was divided into four categories: word processing, electronic mail, computer conferencing, and teleconferencing (audio/video). The analysis was directed specifically at the communicative implications of these technologies. It was found that research on word processing focused not only on the communicative strategies, but also on the political implications of word processing implementation and usage. It was also found that the most common use of electronic mail was as a substitute for the telephone. Research on computer conferencing revealed that an emotional dimension was possible through this form of communication and that it widened the range of communication options. The studies on teleconferencing examined its strengths and weaknesses and reported various experiences with its use. From this analysis it is concluded that future research should examine (1) the specific contingency utilization framework of each electronic technology based on its limitations and communicative outcomes, (2) the integration of white-collar workers into communicative processes formerly associated with blue-collar workers, (3) the redefinition of communicative roles within the organization, and (4) the decision making processes and influence processes as functions of these technologies. Twelve pages of references are appended. 47 pages (ERIC/HOD). Hepworth, M.E. "Information Services in the International Network Marketplace." Information Services and Use 7.6 (1987): 167-182. Innovations in converging computer and technologies are creating an international network marketplace. The technical infrastructure of this "marketplace" is a global grid of several thousand private computer networks used by firms and governments for producing and distributing online information services. Commercial transactions may include, for example, electronic funds transfer, online price information, electronic mail and document delivery, credit card authorization, and computer software. This paper examines the internationalization of the network marketplace through case studies of the London Stock Exchange and I.P. Sharp Associates, a Canadian computer service bureau. The author shows that transnational computer networks operated by these organizations are of central importance to the production of information services and global market expansion. He concludes that insofar as the information and communication requirements of all sectors are increasingly delivered through the network marketplace, the latter's global expansion reflects and reinforces economy-wide trends toward transnational production and markets (Communication Abstracts). Hernandez, Nicolas, Jr. "ISAAC: An Introduction to IBM's Information System for Advanced Academic Computing at the University of Washington-Seattle." CALICO Journal 6.2 (December 1988): 41-47. ERIC EJ 384 101 Traces the origin of ISAAC (Information System for Advanced Academic Computing) and the development of a languages and linguistics "room" at the University of Washington-Seattle. ISAAC, a free, valuable resource, consists of two databases and an electronic bulletin board spanning broad areas of pedagogical and research fields (ERIC/Author/CB). Hernandez, R.T. "ECPA and Online Computer Privacy." Federal Communications Law Journal 41.1 (November 1988): 17-42. During the ninety-ninth term of the U.S. Congress, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA) was enacted to provide federal statutory guidelines to protect the privacy of electronic communications found on commercial computer-based services. This discussion of ECPA and related areas was prompted by one of the first civil lawsuits which relies on ECPA as a basis for some of its claims, Thompson v. Predaina. The author discusses the following issues: (1) the computer communication environment; (2) an example of the pre-ECPA criminal situation; (3) the law prior to the passage of ECPA; (4) a preliminary discussion of ECPA with emphasis on its criminal procedure aspects; (5) ECPA as applied in the civil context to the Thompson situation; and (6) ECPA as applied, again in the civil context, to the corporate situation. The author concludes that it is very likely that more cases like Thompson will develop. The future is also likely to bring the passage of more electronic privacy legislation in the manner of ECPA (Communication Abstracts). Hershey, John E., and William J. Pomper. "An Introduction to the Local Area Network Concept." Telecommunications: An Interdisciplinary Text. Ed. Leonard Lewin. Dedham, MA: Artech, 1984. 419-448. Hiltz, S.R., and M. Turoff. The Network Nation. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Horowitz, Irving Louis. "New Technology and the Changing System of Author-Publisher Relations." New Literary History 20.2 (Winter 1989): 505+. Hunter, John E., and Mike Allen. "Adaptation to Electronic Mail." Journal of Applied Communication Research 20 (1992): 254-274. This paper describes the stages through which a new user of electronic mail passes: cognitive and emotional anticipation, learning to use the electronic mail facility, and experiencing the use of electronic mail. Each stage is described with careful attention to the emotional and cognitive responses of users. This is an original and important contribution to research in the field and includes a helpful list of references. Hurwicz, Mike. "Electronic Mail Evolving into Groupware." LAN Times 6.5 (May 1989): 73. Listing of available packages. Irish, Peggy M. and Randall H. Trigg. "Supporting Collaboration in Hypermedia: Issues and Experiences." The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. 90-106. Irwin, M. "Corporate Strategy and Information Networks." InterMedia 16.2 (March 1988): 32-36. Today, information technology--computers and communication-- is altering the pace and environment of the firm. It is the author's thesis that the information network is emerging as a corporate strategy for firms both domestic and global. The article focuses on the telecommunication network as an internal and external strategy. An internal strategy is one of cost reduction and competitive positioning. An external strategy invites a firm to resell excess capacity, to leverage in-house services into new markets, and to penetrate geographic areas beyond the traditional reach of the firm. This latter strategy is called capacity resell, enhanced resell, and spatial resell. Both internal and external strategies are shown to carry three implications. A first is that companies are being redefined in terms of customers and markets. A second is that companies are being redefined in terms of their relationships to their suppliers and contractors. Third, firms are experiencing a softening of products, services and markets on a geographical basis. In sum, it is argued, we are witnessing a subtle transition in what we call a firm (Communication Abstracts). Iwaasa, R.-S. "Convivial Messaging Systems: Startling Facts and Figures About Electronic Mail (messageries) for French Households." The Information Society 5.4 (1987/1988): 265-269. Commencing with a pilot program in 1982-1983, the French PTT introduced a national videotex service, Teletel, based on distribution of Minitel terminals to each telephone subscriber. There was a massive increase in the number of information banks or related services. Personal message sending "messageries" originally provided as an additional facility by some information bank services, has become the dominant use and source of income not only of these services but of Teletel itself. Although there are currently proposals aimed at taxing messageries to slow their growth, there are several reasons why messaging represents a long- term phenomenon: (1) the cost is affordable as compared to travel, logistic expenses, and needs for face-to-face encounters; (2) possibilities exist for conservation and synthesis of messages-exchanges if necessary; (3) there is a new hold on multidimensional interaction--not only are physical distances done away with but timetables become more flexible; (4) there is spontaneity--exchanges among users are easier and quicker, and individuals often feel more secure while interacting than with classical forms of social communication (Communication Abstracts). Johansen, Robert, Barbara McNeal, and Michael Nyhan. Telecommunications and Developmentally Disabled People: Evaluations of Audio Conferencing, Personal Computers, Computer Conferencing, Electronic Mail. Menlo Park, CA: Institute for the Future, 1981. Johansen, R. Teleconferencing and Beyond. New York: McGraw Hill, 1984. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Johnston, J. "Commentary on Issues and Concepts in Research on Computer-Mediated Communication Systems." Communication Yearbook 12. Ed. J. A. Anderson. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989. 490-497. In his chapter on computer-mediated communication systems (CMCS), Rice notes that the body of research on the uses and implications of CMCS is usually diverse, reflecting wide- ranging goals and disciplinary orientations of those who have conducted studies on this topic. Over the years, Rice's own publications on CMCS have played an important role for academics in the field of communication by synthesizing literature from sources outside the mainstream of the communication field. In his chapter, Rice attempts to provide a framework that can be used to both understand the existing diversity and guide further research. The author of this paper considers that attempt a laudable goal, but argues that there is a basic diversity of goals between communication researchers with their theoretical orientation and those researchers who identify with the field of program evaluation. Further, the stakeholder notion, which arose in the field of program evaluation, is impractical because it diffuses focus and interest. Increased use of qualitative strategies to study CMCS is also recommended (Communication Abstracts). Kalmbach, J.R., J.W. Jobst, and G.P.E. Meese. "Education and Practice: A Survey of Graduates of a Technical Communication Program." Technical Communication 33.21 (1986): 21-26. (Cited in Krull, "Online Writing"). Karweit, Nancy, and Edmund D. Meyers, Jr. "Computers in Survey Research." Peter H. Rossi, James D. Wright, and Andy B. Anderson (eds.). Handbook of Survey Research. New York: Academic, 1983. Katz, J.E. "Public Policy Origins of Telecommunications Privacy and the Emerging Issues." Information Age 10.3 (July 1988): 169- 177. This paper examines historical forces both supporting and diminishing telecommunications privacy, and how America's sociopolitical environment has given use to particular attitudes towards communication privacy. Then it extends past trends into the future to see how they are likely to affect the environment of the telecommunications industry. Six trends are proposed and discussed: (1) the expectation of privacy will continue to expand in the U.S., along with the expansion of material well-being; (2) telecommunications and computer technologies will strengthen the value of privacy to people and sensitize them to its possible lows; (3) the concept is spreading that people should have access to review and correct data files kept on them by formal organizations; (4) public opinion shows high and growing levels of concern about privacy invasion (governmental leaders' concerns on this issue will largely be reactive to public pressure); (5) the rapid pace of change in telecommunications technologies adds to public disquiet; and (6) organizations will continue to demand even more privacy invasive information about individuals with whom they have contact (Communication Abstracts). Kemper, Marlyn. "Emerging Technologies: A Roadmap for Librarians." School Library Journal 35.3 (November 1988): 36-41. ERIC EJ 384 333 Reports results of a survey of 17 public library systems on their use of electronic mail, desktop publishing, local area networks, and telefacsimile. Two sidebars present steps for the deployment of emerging technologies and the addresses for several vendors of telefacsimile equipment. Nine references (ERIC/MES). Kerr, Elaine B., and Starr Roxanne Hiltz. Computer-Mediated Communication Systems: Status and Evaluation. New York: Academic Press, 1982. Kiesler, Sara, and Lee S. Sproull. "Response Effects in the Electronic Survey." Public Opinion Quarterly 50 (1986): 402-413. This report examines the electronic survey as a research tool. In an electronic survey, respondents use a text processing program to self-administer a computer-based questionnaire. As more people have access to computers, electronic surveys may become widespread. The electronic survey can reduce processing costs because it automates the transformation of raw data into computer-readable form. It can combine advantages of interviews (e.g., prompts, complex branching) with those of paper mail surveys (e.g., standardization, anonymity). An important issue is how the electronic survey affects the responses of people who use it. We conducted an experimental sample survey on healh attitudes, behaviors, and personal traits using two forms of administration: electronic and paper mail. Closed-end responses in the electronic survey were less socially desirable and tended to be more extreme than were responses in the paper survey. Open-ended responses that could be edited by respondents were relatively long and disclosing. These findings are consistent with other research on computer-mediated communication, raising general issues about using computers to collect self-report data (authors). Kiesler, Sara, Jane Siegel, and Timothy McGuire. "Social Psychological Aspects of Computer-mediated Communications." American Psychologist 39 (1984): 1123-1134. (Cited in Sproull, "Using Electronic Mail"; Kiesler and Sproull, "Response Effects"). Kiesler, Sara, D. Zubrow, A.M. Moses, and V. Geller. "Affect in Computer-mediated Communication." Human Computer Interaction 1 (1985): 77-104. (Cited in Sproull, "Using Electronic Mail"). Kinkead, Joyce. "Wired: Computer Networks in the English Classroom." English Journal 77.7 (November 1988): 39-41. ERIC EJ 379 839 Describes several collaborative writing projects using electronic mail (e-mail). Notes that although most of these projects can be tried without computers, two of the barriers in the classroom--time and distance--are removed as a result of electronic communication links (ERIC/MM). Kinser, W., Pear, J. J. "Computer-Aided Personalized System of Instruction for the Virtual Classroom." Canadian Journal of Educational Communication 17.1 (Winter 1988): 21-36. ERIC EJ 370 728 Describes a computer-aided personalized system of instruction (CAPSI) and its implementations for both on-campus and off-campus teaching at the University of Manitoba. Highlights include electronic mail, student reactions, the use of data that are saved throughout the course, and future possibilities (ERIC/Author/LRW). Kirkman, John. "How 'Friendly' is Your Writing for Readers Around the World?" Text, ConText, and HyperText: Writing with and for the Computer. Ed. Edward Barret. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988. 343-364. Klein, Jennifer. Electronic Mail Systems. A Brief Description. One in a Series of Papers on Alaskan Telecommunications. Alaska State Senate, Juneau. Rural Research Agency. August 1984. 10p. ERIC ED 267 736 This paper describes several electronic mail systems in use in Alaska. The University of Alaska Computer Network has had an electronic mail system since 1976 that connects its campuses throughout the state. The Department of Education also has had a mail system since the late 1970s that links the 53 school districts as well as the support and administrative offices in the department. Within the Legislative Affairs computer network, a system is being used with many advanced capabilities which the Legislative Information Offices also use. In order to improve communication between state agencies, the Department of Administration has introduced a new shared electronic mail system on its System Network Architecture (SNA) network, which is accessible to all state agencies. Following descriptions of each of the aforementioned systems, several recommendations are presented: while a number of good in-house electronic mail systems exist within state government, communications between departments should be improved with support of the electronic mail system on the state SNA network; there are a number of products available on today's software market and care should be taken when choosing an electronic mail system; and compatibility with existing systems should be examined as well as service arrangements (ERIC/Author/THC). Kleinschrod, Walter A. "The Management Message in Electronic Messaging Media." Administrative Management 48 (October 1987): 13. Komsky, S. "A Profile of Users of Electronic Mail in the University Organization: Frequent Users Versus Occasional Users." Paper presented at the Speech Communication Association Convention, New Orleans, Louisiana. (1988). (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Kraemer, K.L, and R. King. "Political Character of Computerization in Service Organizations: Citizen Interest or Bureaucratic Control?" Information Age 10.4 (October 1988): 229- 239. The authors examined a recurring question: are computerized systems at the local government level bringing about new services and more equitable distribution of service benefits and costs, or are they more likely to be instruments of political elites, reinforcing the traditional distribution of values and services? For their study, the authors collected data from computing managers of U.S. cities of over 50,000 population and counties over 100,000 population. The preliminary data analysis indicated that computerized systems reinforce the traditional emphases of local governments on administrative efficiency and basic government functions, especially finance and police. To explore these patterns more fully, the authors classified local government computer applications according to whether they provide direct services to citizens as opposed to indirect support or social control of targeted groups. The analysis revealed that the pattern of computerization in local governments reflects an emphasis on control rather than the distribution of services within and between jurisdictions (Communication Abstracts). Kruk, R.S., and P. Muter. "Reading of Continuous Text on Video Screens." Human Factors 26.3 (1984): 339-345. (Cited in Krull, "Online Writing"). Krull, Robert, and Philip Rubens. "An Eye Motion Study of Online Information." Proceedings of the 1984 Annual USER-bility Symposium. Kingston, NY: IBM. 9-17. (Cited in Grice, "Online Information"). Krull, Robert. "Online Writing from an Organizational Perspective." The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. 250-264. 33 references. ??? Krull, R., and J.M. Hurford. "Can Computers Increase Writing Productivity?" Technical Communication 4th Quarter (1987): 243- 249. (Cited in Krull, "Online Writing"). Kraut, Robert. Telecommuting: Cautious Pessimism. Murray Hill, NJ: Bell Communications Research, 1984. (Cited in Kiesler and Sproull, "Response Effects"). Kuehn, Scott A. "Discovering All the Available Means for Computer Assisted Instruction: Adapting Available University Facilities for the Small to Medium-Sized Course." 79th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Communication Association. Baltimore, MD, April 27-May 1, 1988. ERIC ED 294 284 Computer networks connecting members of a class can provide an effective, efficient means to exchange commentary, field and answer questions, submit and grade assignments, and post class information. Mainframe networks--large computers used by universities before the advent of microcomputers--serve the needs of many users at once. Mainframe users send and receive messages through "electronic mail," connecting them with other users. This information sharing, or "connectivity," can be adapted to create communication networks between instructors and students. A computer applications specialist is helpful when designing an educational computer network using a mainframe computer. The advantages of a computer network include the timeliness of the interactions, the computer's word processing capabilities, the ease of evaluating assignments, and the facilitation of communication between the instructor and students. In addition, the discussion forum created through electronic mail can successfully extend classroom discussions. Network and mainframe software capabilities allow an instructor to design specific applications for a variety of communication courses, such as public speaking, organizational communication, and journalism. Both students and instructors can benefit from increased interaction opportunities and from the experience gained in computer- mediated communication. A computer word processing and communication manual for a news writing course, and nine references are appended (ERIC/MM). Kuzela, L. "Communications: Electronic Mail's Surge." Industry Week 233 (4 May 1987): 53+. Johansen, Robert, Barbara McNeal, and Michael Nyhan. Telecommunications and developmentally disabled people: evaluations of audio conferencing, personal computers, computer conferencing, electronic mail. Menlo Park, CA: Institute for the Future, 1981. Lamersdorf, W., ed. Office Knowledge: Representation, Management and Utilization. Selected full papers based on contributions to the IFIP TC8/WG8.4 Workshop held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 17- 19 August 1987. North-Holland, 1988. (Cited in A.A. Verrijn- Stuart, "Problems in Office System Design"). Langefors, B., A.A. Verrijn-Stuart, and G. Bracchi, eds. Trends in Information Systems. North-Holland, 1986. Lanham, Richard A. "The Electronic Word: Literary Study and the Digital Revolution." New Literary History 20.2 (Winter 1989): 265-290. Lannon, L. "Dialcom Hopes High for US Market." Telephony 213 (3 August 1987): 20+. Lasden, M. "Will You Love Electronic Mail or Hate It? Computer Decisions 8 (1979): 47-60. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Latocha, W. "Electronic Mail: Slow Start But Moving Now." Office 108 (August 1988): 56-7. Lerch, I.A. "Electronic Communications and Collaboration: The Emerging Model for Computer Aided Communications in Science and Medicine." Telematics and Informatics 5.4 (1988): 397-413. In the industrialized northern hemisphere, the advent of computer-aided communications (CAC) and office automation has provided physicians and scientists with the tools to quickly and accurately obtain information, computer resources, communications, and administrative support. Data bases, such as those offered by the National Library of Medicine and commercial vendors, once available only through librarian services, are now routinely accessed by individuals, greatly increasing the rapidity and accuracy of literature searches. Formal computer networks such as ARPANET and the emerging university system, BITNET, are being supplemented by a spectrum of host facilities available at reasonable cost via packet-switching utilities. This has greatly facilitated the exchange of information and data among and between individuals and institutions in North America and Western Europe. The enhanced sophistication and declining cost of mid- and micro-hardware and software, has led to the emergence of local, regional, and national networking and sharing of facilities. The promise of the future is that of a global network of interconnected communities, provided that certain intractable technical and fiscal problems can be solved (Communication Abstracts). Levin, James A., et al. "Education on the Electronic Frontier: Teleapprentices in Globally Distributed Educational Contexts." Contemporary Educational Psychology 12.3 (July 1987): 254-60. ERIC EJ 361 912 The Inter-cultural Network is an electronic communication network connecting faculty and upper elementary through graduate students in the U.S., Mexico, Japan, and Israel. The students address the problem of water shortage, while learning science concepts and transferring learning. A new form of instruction, teleapprenticeships, is suggested (ERIC/GDC). Levine, Lawrence B. "Corporate Culture, Technical Documentation, and Organization Diagnosis." Text, ConText, and HyperText: Writing with and for the Computer. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988. 149-174. Lewis, Geoff, Jeffrey Rothfeder, Resa W. King, Mark Maremont, Thane Peterson, et al. "Special Report (Electronic Mail)." Business Week (October 10, 1988): 102-112. Articles include: "The Portable Executive"; "Can Computers Help the Poor?" "'EMAIL ' as a Way of Life: Westinghouse Couldn't Do Without It"; "Thanks, I'd Rather Commute: Japan Distrusts the Data Pipeline." Licklider, J.C.R., and Albert Vezza. "Applications of Information Networks." IEEE Proceedings 66 (1978): 1330-1346. (Cited in Sproull and Kiesler, "Reducing" and in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Lindley, W.R. "From Hot Type to Video Screens: Editors Evaluate New Technology." Journalism Quarterly 65.2 (Summer 1988): 485- 489. A questionnaire concerning the changeover from paper and hot type to computerized production was mailed to the copy desk chiefs of every U.S. newspaper with more than 50,000 circulation. Of the 221 questionnaires mailed, 127 were completed and returned. Overall, the respondents reacted positively to electronic editing, rating it clearer and faster. They also found local copy more readable, though they were not sure errors had been curtailed. On the controversy among editors on whether typographical errors are easier to spot on a screen than on hard copy, the results were mixed. However, respondents generally felt they were getting added help from technology. As editors like control over the final product, one editor said that one of the few benefits of VDTs was the lesser dependency on the printer. Copy editors tended to reject the idea that they had been turned into technicians, and strongly disclaimed the notion that VDTs had depersonalized copyediting. The copy editors doubted that polishing of copy took place before the arrival of VDTs, and that editors conferred more than they do now. They strongly agreed that newspapers have become more sophisticated since pre-VDT times (Communication Abstracts). Louth, Richard. "Selected Annotated Bibliography: Collaborative Technical Writing." Collaborative Technical Writing: Theory and Practice. Ed. Richard Louth and Ann Martin Scott. Auburn, AL: Auburn University, Association of Teachers of Technical Writing, 1989. 9-14. Lucas, H. Why Information Systems Fail. New York: Columbia UP, 1975. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Manross, G., and R. Rice. "Don't Hang Up: Organizational Diffusion of the Intelligent Telephone." Information and Management 10 (1986): 161-175. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Markoff, John. "Computer Mail Gaining a Market." New York Times 26 December 1989: D1,D8. Electronic mail is gaining on fax because "the nation's hodgepodge of electronic mail systems are increasingly being hooked together." This linkage is a result of pressure from the Aerospace Industries Association. "More than any other industry in the United States, military aerospace companies are related by a web of subcontracts and joint projects that require workers at different companies to stay in touch with one another." Mentions existing services, including Western Union's Easylink, U.S. Sprint's Telemail, MCI Mail, and AT&T Mail, which can connect with one another through electronic gateways. "AT&T Mail and MCI Mail, two of the nation's largest electronic mail services [announced earlier in December that they] will connect with an X.400 link [making it] possible for a computer-user to send computer-generated messages to and receive them from various commercial services from a single mailbox." Mentions Eric Arnum, who is the editor of Electronic Mail and Micro Systems, an industry newsletter based in Forest Hills, Queens. Also mentions Anterior Technology, a Menlo Park, California firm that "is setting up a filtering service to provide subscribers with summaries culled from the world-wide Usenet computer network." Markus, M. Lynne. "Toward a 'Critical Mass' Theory of Interactive Media: Universal Access, Interdependence and Diffusion." Communication Research: An International Quarterly 14.5 (October 1987): 491-511. ERIC EJ 365 855 Special Issue: Theories of Organizations and Information Technology. Proposes a "critical mass" explanation for the diffusion of interactive media, such as telephone, electronic mail, or computer conferencing, within communities. Considers two special characteristics of interactive media: (1) that widespread usage creates universal access, and (2) that use entails interdependence, in which earlier users are influenced by later users and vice versa (ERIC/NKA). Matalene, Carolyn B., ed. Worlds of Writing: Teaching and Learning in Discourse Communities of Work. New York: Random House, 1989. McAllister, Carole, and Richard Louth. "The Effect of Word Processing on the Quality of Basic Writer's Revisions." Research in the Teaching of English 22.4 (December 1988): 417+. McKeown, Kate. "Leadership: Everyone Can Be a Leader." PC/Computing 3.1 (January 1990): 110-115. "The companies that blossom in the 1990s will not be those that try to layer information systems over the old bureaucratic structures--those that try to use information systems to beef up command and control. Rather, the stars of the '90s--and many will shine--will be those companies that use PCs to enable their people to become leaders, that use PCs to inform and connect their entire work force" (115). How networked PCs are changing the structure of American corporations. Sequential, hierarchical organization becomes more team and task-oriented. Examples and anecdotes from American Airlines, Coca-Cola Foods, Hanes Hosiery, and Wal-Mart. McKie, Peter, Christopher McDonald, and Patrick Honan. "The Personal Computing 500." Personal Computing 13.10 (October 1989): 195-207. "In 1988, 15.4 million corporate Americans telecommuted full time" (199). Meeks, B.N. "E-mail Economics." Byte 14 (April 1989):151-2+. Miles, I. Home Information: Technology and the Transformation of Everyday Life. London: Pinter Publishers, 1988. The author uses the term "home informatics" (HI to refer to the applications of information technology products that are emerging for use by members of private households. It includes not only items of hardware like home computers, but also the software that programs the equipment, the services that may be used with the hardware and software, and the networks and systems formed by linking together groups of users. The five chapters in this book set out a view of the dynamics of technological development, consumer behavior, and industrial strategies, and seek to throw light upon future forms of HI. The first chapter explains the purpose and scope of the analysis. Chapter 2 outlines the scope of HI, and describes general tendencies and technological developments in HI equipment and systems. Chapter 3 considers the demand side of the equation, issues arising in the consumer use of new IT. Chapter 4 discusses the strategies being developed by suppliers of hardware and services, and the innovation and industrial policy issues that arise. Chapter 5 draws on these analyses to look at future developments in HI, and chapter 6 summarizes the key issues that are covered in the preceding chapters (Communication Abstracts). Mitchell, Bill. "Workshop on Office Automation and Telecommunication: Applying the Technology." Annual Convention of the American Vocational Association. Dallas, TX, December 6, 1986. ERIC ED 276 889 This document contains 12 outlines that forecast the office of the future. The outlines cover the following topics: (1) office automation definition and objectives; (2) functional categories of office automation software packages for mini and mainframe computers; (3) office automation-related software for microcomputers; (4) office automation architecture top-down design; (5) office automation architecture bottom-up design; (6) office automation architecture departmental design; (7) telecommunications-- wide area networks; (8) a sampling of public databases; (9) electronic mail/message/voice systems; (10) electronic document-based filing systems; (11) a comparison of optical disk technologies for office automation applications; and (12) the office in the year 2000. Most outlines are one to two pages in length (ERIC/KC). Mitchell, R.B., M.C. Crawford, and R.B. Madden. "An Investiugation of the Imact of Electronic Communication Systems on Organizational Communication Patterns." Journal of Business of Communication 22.4 (1985): 9-16. (Cited in Cortese, "Computer Applications"). Moore, Michael G. "Telecommunications, Internationalism, and Distance Education." American Journal of Distance Education 2.1 (1988): 1-7. ERIC EJ 372 444 Discussion of the role of telecommunications in distance education focuses on teleconference networks and international cooperation. Highlights include the TELECON VII Distance Learning Conference, the use of teleconferencing by corporations for continuing education and training, and questions to be addressed concerning the future potential of teleconferencing (ERIC/LRW). Morris, J.H., M. Satyanarayanan, M.H. Conner, J.H. Howard, D.S.H. Rosenthal, and F.D. Smith. "Andrew: A Distributed Personal Computing Environment." Communications of the ACM 29.3 (March 1986): 184-201. (Cited in Neuwirth, "Techniques of User Message Design"). Mortensen, Erik. "Adapting Electronic Mail to Management's Needs." Administrative Management 48.8 (August 1987): 26-31. Mumford, Enid. "Participation--from Aristotle to Today." Th.M.A. Bemelmans, ed. Beyond Productivity: IS Development for Organizational Effectiveness. Proceedings of the WG8.2 Working Conference, Minneapolis, 22-24 August 1983. North-Holland, 1984. (Cited in A.A. Verrijn-Stuart, "Problems in Office System Design"). Murray, Denise E. "Computer-Mediated Communication: Implications for ESP (English for Special Purposes)." English for Special Purposes 7.1 (1988): 3-18. ERIC EJ 367 567 Computer-mediated communication (CmC) refers to interactive computer messages (E-messages), electronic mail (E-mail); forums, and computer conferencing. The use of CmC in business and classroom environments is described in light of (1) the organization of conversation; (2) surface discourse features; (3) choice of medium; and (4) the acquisition of CmC (ERIC/Author/LMO). Murray, Denise E. "The Context of Oral and Written Language: A Framework for Mode and Medium Switching." Language in Society 17.3 (September 1988): 351-73. ERIC EJ 380 202 A case study of IBM VM users is discussed in terms of those aspects of the context of a situation that affect both user choice of mode/medium and mode/medium switching. Results indicate that the medium of communication is itself a linguistic choice (ERIC/Author/DJD). National Directory of Bulletin Board Systems. Westport, CT: Heckler Pub., 1985. Nelson, T.H. "Replacing the Printed Word: A Complete Literary System." IFIP Proceedings. October 1980: 1013-1023. Neuwirth, Christine M. "Toward the Design of a Flexible, Computer-Based Writing Environment." W. Wresch, ed. The Computer in Composition: A Writer's Tool. Urbana: NCTE, 1984. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Neuwirth, Christine M. "Techniques of User Message Design: Developing a User Message System to Support Collaborative Work." The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. 325-342. Neuwirth, C.M., D.S. Kaufer, G. Keim, and T. Gillespie. The Comments Program: Computer Support for Response to Writing (CECE- TR 3). Center for Educational Computing in English, English Department, Carnegie Mellon University. January 1988. (Cited in Neuwirth, "Techniques of User Message Design"). Nyce, H. Edward, and Richard Groppa. "Electronic Mail at MHT." Management Technology 1.1 (1983): 65-72. (Cited in Sproull, "Using Electronic Mail" and in Sproull and Kiesler, "Reducing"). O'Brien, L. "X.400 Standard Brings E-mail Systems Together." Telephony. 216:26+; May 8, 1989. Oeffinger, John C. "Merging Computers and Communication: A Case Study in Latin America." Telematics and Informatics 4.3 (1987): 195-210. ERIC EJ 361 343 Discusses access to information through merging computers and new communications technology and its influence in developing nations. Highlights include a case study of InterNet/LACRIP (Latin American Cancer Research Information Project), a microcomputer-based international network involving institutions in the United States and Latin America that includes electronic mail and database searching capabilities (ERIC/LRW). O'Leary, Mick. "NewsNet for Newsletters on Electronic Information Industry." Information Today 5.3 (March 1988): 13, 36-37. Olson, M.H. "New Information Technology and Organizational Culture." Management Information System Quarterly, Special Issue (December 1982): 71-92. (Cited in Neuwirth, "Techniques of User Message Design"). O'Malley, Christopher. "Business: The Power of Information Access." Personal Computing 13.10 (October 1989): 71-74. Special Issue: Computing in America IV--How Computing Changes Everything. Broadcasting and forecasting the importance of networked decision-making in business. O'Malley, Christopher. "Learning: The Revolution is Yet to Come." Personal Computing 13.10 (October 1989): 115-120. Special Issue: Computing in America IV--How Computing Changes Everything. Suggests that meaningful integration of computers into the classroom will require deep changes in the way we view teaching. O'Reilly, Charles. "Individuals and Information Overload in Organizations: Is More Necessarily Better?" Academy of Management Journal 23 (1980): 648-696. (in Sproull and Kiesler, "Reducing"). Orton, E. and R. Nasatir. "Getting the Most Out of Electronic Mail." Data Communications 15 (June 1986): 189-90+. Palme, Jacob. "You Have 134 Unread Mail! Do You Want to Read Them Now?" Hugh T. Smith, ed. Computer-Based Message Services. Proceedings of the IFIP WG 6.5 Working Conference on Computer- Based Message Services in Nottingham, England, 1-4 May, 1984. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984. 175-184. Discusses various message-handling and control strategies which aim to give the receiver a level of control over messages commensurate with that of senders. Compares relative efficiency of electronic message distribution with that of conventional conferencing and telephoning, but identifies 'information overload' as a potential problem in the electronic office. Paradis, J., E. Barrett, and F. Baquaert. "A Prototype On-line Classroom Using the MIT Athena Network to Teach Scientific and Engineering Writing: An Interim Report." Athena Writing Project, MIT. 1987. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Paulson, William. "Computers, Minds, and Texts: Preliminary Reflections." New Literary History 20.2 (Winter 1989): 291-304. Pear, Joseph J., Kinsner, W. "Computer-Aided Personalized System of Instruction: An Effective and Economical Method for Short- and Long-Distance Education." Machine-Mediated Learning 2.3 (1988): 213-37. ERIC EJ 379 104 Describes a computer program based on Keller's Personalized System of Instruction that has been used for on-campus and off-campus teaching by the University of Manitoba. Highlights include electronic mail, student attitudes and roles, costs, suggestions for future research, and examples from computer-aided personalized system of instruction (CAPSI) courses. 24 references (ERIC/Author/LRW). Penzias, Arno A. Ideas and Information: Managing in a High-Tech World. New York: Norton, 1989. Phillips, Gerald M., et al. "The Use of Computer-Mediated Communication in Training Students in Group Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Techniques." American Journal of Distance Education 2.1 (1988): 38-51. ERIC EJ 372 447 Describes the development of a computer-assisted college course in group performance skills (GPS) which was designed to expand the instructor's ability to monitor development of individual performance skills and assess their influence on the group output. Computer-mediated communication is explained, and its implications for distance education are discussed. 19 references (ERIC/LRW). "A Professional Electronic-Mail Manager Offers Tips that Help Ensure the Success of a System." Communication News 23 (September 1986): 38. Qvortrup, L. "The Nordic Telecottages: Community Teleservice Centers for Rural Regions." Telecommunications Policy 13.1 (March 1989): 59-68. In Scandanavia a growing number of telecottages, or community teleservice centers, as they are officially called, have become operative in recent years. Their main function is to provide isolated village communities with access to telecommunication and information services. This article examines the background and origins of telecottages, and describes their structure and functions. An evaluation of their contribution to local communities is made, as well as an assessment of their future potential and development, particularly in the context of a developing country. The author concludes that the success of community teleservice centers depends on the reduction of three barriers: the cost barrier, the qualification barrier, and the service barrier. Because telecottages provide rural communities with communal access to IT equipment, they reduce the cost barriers of establishing and running small rural firms. Since they offer teleservices at a level normally only provided in big cities, the telecottages reduce the service barrier of isolate rural communities (Communication Abstracts). Rafaeli, S. "Interactivity: From New Media to Communication." Advancing Communication Science: Merging Mass and Interpersonal Processes. Eds. R.P. Hawkins, J.M. Wiemann, and S. Pingree. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988. 110-134. Interactivity is a widely used term with an intuitive appeal, but it is an underdefined concept. As a way of thinking about communication, it has high face validity but only narrowly based explication, little consensus on meaning, and (only recently) emerging empirical verification of actual role. The purpose of this chapter is to contribute to the construct validation of interactivity as a variable. Theoretical explication, some examples of related concepts, classificatory explications, a responsiveness model, and an interim summary of empirical studies are offered toward that end. The author concludes that the reason interactivity has escaped notice by mass communication researchers so far is the curious temporal orientation of the concept. While purely psychological findings have traditionally focused on the short time span of seconds or minutes, social research is usually located at (and aimed toward) the long term: weeks, months, years. The author suggests that several classes of issues should guide further investigation of the interactivity construct: specification; theoretical, empirical, and pragmatic questions (Communication Abstracts). Raffio, Ralph, and Carolyn Hlavaty. "Trends." Personal Computing 13.10 (October 1989): 188-192F. "An Explosion in Networking" (chart): In 1988 there were 19.2 million installed PC's. Of these, 49.4% were standalone, and 50.6% were networked. In 1992, the number of installed PC's is projected at 32.4 million, with only 6.8% as standalone systems: 93.2% will be networked. Email has been a big reason for networking PC's, but the authors suggest that filesharing and groupware will play an increasingly important role (p. 190; Source: Dataquest). "Gains in Business Software Sales" (graph): Communication software sales: 2 million units shipped in 1988; 5.5 million projected in 1993 (p. 192; Source: Market Intelligence Research Co.). Authors project a rapidly expanding demand for client/server systems. Rahtz, Sebastian, ed. Information Technology in the Humanities: Tools, Techniques, and Applications. Chichester: Horwood, 1987. New York: Wiley, 1987. (Series in Computers and Their Applications). 184 pages. Reed, Sandra R. "Corporate Pacesetters: The Top 100 Companies with PCs." Personal Computing 13.9 (September 1989): 70-90. Results of a two-month research project surveying personal computers in businesses (excluding government and educational institutions). Discusses interoperability, PC/employee ratios, management strategies and productivity (with special attention to the challenges of management and productivity measurement in a distributed environment). Especially useful observations and interviews concerning strategies in American Airlines, PG&E, General Electric, GTE, First National Bank of Chicago, Arco, and Chrysler. "On LANs, E-mail edges out database management, word processing, and spreadsheets as the most popular application" (graph, p. 83). Rice, R., and G. Manross. "The Case of the Intelligent Telephone: The Relationship of Job Category to the Adoption of an Organizational Communication Technology." Communication Yearbook 10. Ed. M. McLaughlin. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987. 727-742. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Rice, Ronald. "Computer Conferencing." In Brenda Dervin and Melvin Voight, eds. Progress in Communication Sciences II. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1980. 215-240. (Cited in Sproull and Kiesler, "Reducing"). Rice, R. "Computer-Mediated Communication and Organizational Innovation." Journal of Communication 37 (1987): 65-94. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Rice, Ronald. "Communication Networking in Computer Conferencing Systems: A Longitudinal Study of Group Roles and System Structure." In Michael Burgoon, ed. Communication Yearbook 6 Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982. 925-944. Rice, R., and D. Case. "Electronic Message Systems in the University: A Description of Use and Utility." Journal of Communication 33 (1983): 131-152. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Rice, R., and G. Love. "Electronic Emotion." Communication Research 14 (1987): 85-108. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Rice, Ronald, and George Barnett. "Group Communication Networking in an Information Environment: Applying Metric Multidimensional Scaling." In Margaret McLaughlin, ed. Communication Yearbook 9 Beverly Hills: Sage, 1986. 315-338. (Cited in Sproull and Kiesler, "Reducing"). Rodrigues, D. and R. Rodrigues. "Computer-Based Problem Solving." W. Wresch, ed. The Computer in Composition: A Writer's Tool. Urbana: NCTE, 1984. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Roen, Duane H., and R.J. Willey. "The Effects of Audience Awareness on Drafting and Revising." Research in the Teaching of English 22.1 (February 1988): 75-???? Rose, Phillip E. "The UNIX Operating System in Libraries: Advantages of LAN's and Bulletin Board Systems in Your Library." Library Software Review 7.1 (January/February 1988): 17-19. ERIC EJ 367 829 Describes the experiences of the AT&T Technical Library in installing a local area network (LAN) and bulletin board using the UNIX operating system. Reasons why a LAN was needed, how the system works, and hardware and software used are discussed. 1 reference (ERIC/MES). Ross, D.E. "The Way to Handle Electronic Messages [based on X.400]." Infosystems 34 (Fall 1987):64+. Rubens, Philip. "Online Information, Hypermedia, and the Idea of Literacy." The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. 3-21. Need for visual literacy. Rubens, Philip. "The Impact of Innovative Communication Technologies: Online Documentation, the Reader, and the Writer." Iowa Journal of Business and Technical Communication 1.2 (September 1987): 5-20. Rubens, Philip. "Online Information and the Electronic Discourse Community." Carolyn Matalene, ed. Discourse Communities and Their Relationship to Writing Instruction. NY: Random House, 1988. Sadler, L.V. "The Computers-and-Effective Writing Movement: Computer-Assisted Composition." ADE Bulletin 87 (1987): 28-33. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Sanchez, James Joseph. Electronic Bulletin Boards and Computer Conferencing: A Selective, Annotated Bibliography. Monticello, IL: Vance, 1987. Schaefermeyer, Mark J., and Edward H. Sewell, Jr. "Communicating by Electronic Mail." American Behavioral Scientist 32.2 (November/December 1988): 112-23. ERIC EJ 386 466 Reports the results of a survey designed to determine the frequency and purpose of individuals' use of electronic mail in relation to their professional development. Survey was distributed using three newsletters found on BITNET. Finds that electronic mail is replacing other means of communication and stimulating new communication among diverse users (ERIC/KO). Schiller, Dan. Telematics and Government. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1982. Discusses the U.S. government as a regulator and as a user of telecommunications technology. Thorough historical background of corporate use, as well as of public regulation and policy. Schmidt, Wallace V., and Mary Elizabeth Dorsey. "Office Design: The Spatial Dimension of Organizational Communication and Reflector of Communication Climate." Annual Meeting of the Southern Speech Communication Association. Houston, TX, April 3-7, 1986. ERIC ED 263 643 In addition to serving as executive enclosures, offices illustrate organizational goals and reflect the communication climate of the organization. Traditional office designs accentuate personal territory, in which communication is largely controlled by the occupant of the office, and space often becomes a symbol of status. One of the first major breaks from traditional office arrangement was an open office plan called office landscaping. Furniture and equipment were arranged in clusters in staggered patterns on a flat surface, and managers were taken out of their private offices and placed on the floor among subordinates. Another office design is the multiple activity setting, in which employees move to different activity settings as tasks change. The emphasis is on sharing the equipment and making more effective use of the office workforce. A third design concept is the total office support system that relies on electronic mail system, note processing facility, and other means of communication. While office designs are still the prerogative of management, organizations are increasingly turning to "space" committees to coordinate the office design project. What is emerging is not an approach but rather a number of approaches to office design dependent upon particular organizational objectives (ERIC/HOD). Schwartz, H.J. "Monsters and Mentors: Computer Applications for Humanistic Education." College English 44 (1982): 141-152. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Schwartz, H.J. "Teaching Writing with Computer Aids." College English 46 (1984): 239-247. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On- line Environment and In-House Training"). Schwartz, Jeffrey. "The Drudgery and the Discovery: Students as Research Partners." English Journal 77.2 (February 1988): 37-40. ERIC EJ 373 348 Describes the effects of an intercultural exchange of electronic mail, a research project carried out by a high school teacher and two student research assistants. Emphasizes the educational value of students' participation on the research team (ERIC/ARH). Seghers, Frances, Jeffrey Rothfeder, and Robert D. Hof. "Electronic Mail: Neither Rain, Nor Sleet, Nor Software . . ." Business Week (February 20, 1989): 36. Selfe, Cynthia L., and Billie J. Wahlstrom. "An Emerging Rhetoric of Collaboration: Computers, Collaboration, and the Composing Process." October 1985. ERIC ED 261 384 A study was conducted to explore how microcomputers had affected the collaborative writing and communication habits of 11 teachers and 16 students at a midwestern technological university. Informal observations made after the computers were placed in faculty workspaces and later in a computer lab led to a more formal survey of teachers and students and to follow-up interviews. The results of the observations, surveys, and interviews indicated that increased use of computers for composing in the humanities department had intensified collaborative writing habits among the students and faculty in three ways: (1) by bringing faculty and students together in communal writing spaces, (2) by encouraging faculty to establish new patterns of sharing information about writing, and (3) by altering the social patterns that controlled the exchange of written copy. Teachers reported increaasing their rate of communication with other writers when they composed on computers in the communal workspaces rather than with pen and paper in an isolated setting. Both teachers and students indicated that traditional boundaries existing between the two groups began to break down in the computer labs, although some respondents did not see this as a positive development. Because of the public nature of writing, students and faculty appeared to be developing an etiquette, specifically designed for communal writing spaces, that included rules about greeting other users, looking at someone else's screen copy, and locating oneself physically in relation to other writers composing on computers. (Tables of data are included) (ERIC/HTH). Selfe, Cynthia L., Dawn Rodrigues, and William R. Oates, eds. Computers in English and the Language Arts: The Challenge of Teacher Education. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1989. 21 essays provide a detailed composite picture of the current status of computer-assisted instruction in English. The collection surveys existing teacher preparation and inservice programs and proposes model programs. One essay explicitly addresses the challenges and opportunites presented by the possibility of networking computers (see Batson, "Teaching in Networked Classrooms," above). Two useful appendices survey the present state of computer integration in English programs: the first lists applications and the second identifies issues affecting adoption policies and proposes strategies for improving access to equipment. Selfe, Cynthia. "Computers in English Departments: The Rhetoric of Technopower." ADE Bulletin 90 (Fall 1988): 63-67. Shapiro, Norman Zalmon and Robert. H. Anderson. Toward an Ethics and Etiquette for Electronic Mail. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1985. Shaw, R., B. Lewis, and W. Cattey. "File Exchange for the Educational On-line System: User Specification." MIT Project Athena. 1987. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). Sherblom, John. "Direction, Function, and Signature in Electronic Mail." Journal of Business Communication 25.4 (Fall 1988): 39-54. ERIC EJ 378 623 Presents a content analysis performed on 157 electronic mail files received over the course of several months by a middle level manager in a computer services department of a large organization. Suggests that computer mediated communication changes communication function and context in certain specific ways, which are reflected throughout the corporation (ERIC/RAE). Short, John, Ederyn Williams, and Bruce Christie. The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. London: Wiley, 1976. (Cited in Kiesler and Sproull, "Response Effects"). Siegel, Jane. "Managers' Communication and Telecommunication Technology Use." Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Carnegie- Mellon University, 1986. (Cited in Sproull and Kiesler, "Reducing"). Siegel, Jane, Vitaly Dubrovsky, Sara Kiesler, and Timothy W. McGuire. "Group Processes in Computer-Mediated Communication." Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes 37 (1986): 157-187. (Cited in Sproull and Kiesler, "Reducing"). Slack, Warner. "Computer-based Interviewing System Dealing with Nonverbal Behavior as Well as Keyboard Responses." Science 171 (January 8, 1971): 84-87. (Cited in Kiesler and Sproull, "Response Effects"). Smith, J.B., et al. "WE: A Writing Environment for Professionals." Technical Report 86-025. Department of Computer Science, UNC, Chapel Hill, 1986. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On-line Environment and In-House Training"). "Special Report: Electronic Mail Technologies." Communication News. 23:26-46; S. 86. Sproull, Lee, and Sara Kiesler. "Reducing Social Context Cues: Electronic Mail in Organizational Communication." Management Science. 32: 1492-1512; November 1986. This paper examines electronic mail in organizational communication. Based on ideas about how social context cues within a communication setting affect information exchange, it argues that electronic mail does not simply speed up the exchange of information but leads to the exchange of new information as well. In a field study in a Fortune 500 company, we used questionnaire data and actual messages to examine electronic mail communication at all levels of the organization. Based on hypotheses from research on social communication, we explored effects of electronic communication related to self-absorbtion, status equalization, and uninhibited behavior. Consistent with experimental studies, we found that decreasing social context cues has substantial deregulating effects on communication. And we found that much of the information conveyed through electronic mail was information that would not have been conveyed through another medium (authors' abstract). Sproull, Lee S. "Using Electronic Mail for Data Collection in Organizational Research." Academy of Management Journal 29.1 (1986): 159-169. The author describes the use of electronic mail as a vehicle for organizational research. She suggests that, "under certain conditions, it may produce higher response rates at a lower cost than either questionnaires or interviews" (159). Her study, conducted in the R&D and product development divisions of a Fortune 500 company, compared conventional data collection methods with electronic mail. Results suggest the following: "participation was at least slightly more problematic for the electronic mail research than it was for the face-to-face research." This may be due to the fact that electronic mail suppresses customary cues about status and legitimacy (e.g. letterhead stationary, authorized signatures, and attire). Sproull notes that participation may also be influenced by the problem of "managing attention": electronic messages, unlike first- class letters, are relatively undifferentiated. Overall, however, electronic mail was found to be adequate, convenient, economical, and preferred by respondents, who indicated a willingness to participate in further such studies. See also Kiesler and Sproull, "Response Effects." Stefik, M., G. Foster, D.G. Bobrow, K. Kahn, S. Lanning, and L. Suchman. "Beyond the Chalkboard: Computer Support for Collaboration and Problem-Solving in Meetings." Communications of the ACM 30 (1987): 32-47. (Cited in Barrett and Paradis, "On- line Environment and In-House Training"). Steinfield, C. Communicating via Electronic Mail: Patterns and Predictors of Use in Organizations. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1983. (Cited in Sproull, "Using Electronic Mail"). Steinfield, C.W. "Computer Mediated Communication in an Organizational Setting: Explaining Task-Related and Socioemotional Uses." Communication Yearbook 9. Ed. M.L. McLaughlin. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1985. 777- 804. This study was conducted in a large decentralized corporation in which an electronic mail system had been in place for approximately seven years. All electronic mail users were identified, and from that list 400 were randomly selected and sent questionnaires. Data analysis of the 220 returned questionnaires revealed that three important classes of variables best predict task use of electronic mail systems: (1) task-related use of electronic mail depends on variables that involve the communication infrastructure, including access to relevant others via electronic mail and access to terminals; (2) task-related use depends further on a positive orientation to electronic mail, as measured by the perceived attributes of the channel; (3) increased task use results from a specific need that is met by electronic mail, that of communicating in a timely and accurate fashion with geographically and organizationally dispersed coworkers (Communication Abstracts). Stern, David. "An Alternative National Electronic Mail Network for Libraries." Special Libraries 79.2 (Spring 1988): 139-42. ERIC EJ 370 737 Discusses the use by librarians of BITNET and other national electronic mail networks for note and file transfer. Progress made in developing gateways and network interfaces is described. The problem of smaller libraries without access to large computer facilities and the issue of charging are considered as future concerns. 11 references (ERIC/MES). Stewart, Jacqueline A. "How to Manage Educational Computing Initiatives--Lessons from the Fist Five Years of Project Athena at MIT." The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. 284-304. Stills, Peter. "Dark Contagion: Bigotry and Violence Online." PC/Computing 2.12 (December 1989): 144-149. Skinheads and white-supremacist groups using electronic bulletin boards as "high-tech propaganda machine[s]." Raises a number of related questions concerning the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, anonymity on BBSs, and the effectiveness of computer communication as a propaganda vehicle (facilitates communication across groups, lends an aura of authority to messages, and can foster a sense of community through interactive media). Peter Stills is a pseudonym. Swanson, E. "Management Information Systems: Appreciation and Involvement." Management Science 21 (1974): 178-188. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Systems and Procedures Exchange Center. Electronic Mail in ARL Libraries. Washington, D.C. : Systems and Procedures Exchange Center, Association of Research Libraries, Office of Management Studies, 1984. Systems and Procedures Exchange Center. The Use of Electronic Mail in Research Libraries. Washington, D.C.: Systems and Procedures Exchange Center, 1988. Z678 A7ax no.149 "Technography: Unorthodox Meetings." Business Software Review 5.12 (December 1986): 10,12. Computers and collaboration in the work place. Thorpe, Judie Mosier. "The Responsible Media Communicator: Guidelines for Consulting in the Information Age." Central States Speech Association. Schaumberg, IL, April 6-8, 1988. ERIC ED 292 162 As more and more organizations are utilizing media such as videotape, electronic mail, computer-based training, and video-conferencing, the role of the media professional becomes more crucial. The responsible media communicator must be cognizant of the ethical concerns of the consultant and adapt these to the special needs of the client and the technology used. Since research has shown that in the past media consultants have sometimes been involved in unethical practices, a set of guidelines for media professionals would be a timely contribution to the emerging field. It has been proposed that responsible media consultants: (1) will not oversell their expertise; (2) will detail their activities for the organization in contract form; (3) preserve client confidentiality; and (4) ensure the safety of the organization's information. In addition, as Gerald Goldhaber points out in "Organizational Communication," a consultant who is providing training should: (5) treat trainees with dignity; (6) provide opportunities for self-actualization for trainees; (7) encourage critical thinking; (8) devote explicit attention to ethical problems; (9) show concern for long-term development of trainees' careers; and (10) if a university faculty member, the trainer should take care that consulting does not jeopardize either an employer or client. Forty-four references are attached (ERIC/ARH). Trevino, Linda Klebe, et al. "Media Symbolism; Media Richness; and Media Choice in Organizations: A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective." Communication Research: An International Quarterly 14.5 (October 1987): 553-7. ERIC EJ 365 858 Special Issue: Theories of Organizations and Information Technology. Uses symbolic interactionism to understand media choice processes during managerial communications--studying communication incidents involving face-to-face, telephone, electronic mail, and written media. Suggests that managers' choices are influenced by (1) ambiguity of the message content and richness of the communication medium, (2) symbolic cues provided by the medium, and (3) situational determinants such as time and distance (ERIC/NKA). Trigg, Randall J., Lucy A. Suchmann, and Frank Halasz. "Computer-Supported Cooperative Work." Proceedings of the Conference on Computer- Supported Work. Austin: TX, December 3- 5, 1986. (Cited in Forman, "Computer-Mediated Group Writing"). Trudell, Libby, Janet Bruman and Dennis Oliver. Options for Electronic Mail. White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry Publications, 1984. Tucker, S.A. "Electronic Mail Connections." Online 11 (July 1987): 55-62. Tucker, S.A. "E-mail Glossary." Online 11 (July 1987): 58-60. Tunis, J.A. "Electronic Mail: Tool for the Information Age." Office 106 (August 1987): 66+. Turner, Judith Axler. "'E-Mail' Technology Has Boomed, but Manners of Its Users Fall Short of Perfection." Chronicle of Higher Education 34.31 (April 13 1988): A1,16. ERIC EJ 369 150 Many suggestions by two researchers at Rand Corporation, who published a paper on etiquette for news networks, have been incorporated into bulletin-board conventions, but with new users coming online all the time socialization is slow. Some suggestions for e-mail users are provided (ERIC/MLW). Uhlig, R. "Human Factors in Computer Message Systems." Datamation 3 (1977): 120-126. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation"). Ulrich, W. "Electronic Mail is at Critical Turning Point." Office 104 (August 1986): 129. United States. Office of Technology Assessment. Computer-Based National Information Systems: Technology and Public Policy Issues. Washington: GPO, September 1981. United States. Office of Technology Assessment. Implications of Electronic Mail and Message Systems for the U.S. Postal Service. Washington: GPO, August 1982. Market penetration forecasts for electronic mail and electronic funds transfer systems. Projects that "two thirds or more of the current mailstream could be handled electronically, and that the volume of USPS-delivered mail is likely to peak in the next 10 years" (ix). Effects of EMS on USPS labor force and finances. Discusses the market for EMS, the competition for services, and the status of regulatory activities. United States. President's Science Advisory Committee. Computers in Higher Education: Report. Washington, DC: USGPO, 1967. Verrijn-Stuart, A.A. "Problems in Office System Design." B. Pernici and A.A. Verrijn-Stuart, eds. Office Information Systems: The Design Process. Proceedings of the IFIP WG 8.4 Working Conference on Office Information Systems: The Design Process, Linz, Austria, 15-17 August 1988. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989. 3-8. Vervest, Peter. Electronic Mail and Message Handling. Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 1985. Vickers, Peter, et al. "Consultants around the World." Online 12.4 (July 1988): 42-51. ERIC EJ 379 026 Three articles discuss information brokering in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Argentina. A sidebar describes the Working from Home Forum on CompuServe, which is available to information consultants/brokers worldwide (ERIC/MES). Walker, P.M. "Electronic Mail Offers Growing Range of Uses." Office 107 (January 1988): 120. Walker, Susan. "BreadNet: An On-Line Community." Bread Loaf and the Schools 1.1 (Summer 1987): 12-20. ERIC EJ 379 174 Describes BreadNet, a computer network linking Middlebury College English teachers, their associates, and students. Network extends to rural English teachers and their K-8 students. BreadNet used for student pen pal program, teacher teleconferencing, information access. Also describes BreadNet's problems and future possibilities (ERIC/TES). Weissman, S.B. "Electronic Mail's Rite of Passage." Computer Decisions. 18 (17 June 1986): 60+. Wigley, Griff. "Telecommunications Planning Guide for Educators." Computing Teacher 16.3 (November 1988): 24-29. ERIC EJ 385 839 Presents guide developed by the McGraw-Hill Information Exchange (MIX) to help educators plan effectively for the use of computer telecommunications. Highlights include telephone lines; modems; software; commercial information services that offer such services as electronic mail and computer conferencing; basic costs and billing formats; and a telecommunications budget worksheet (ERIC/LRW). Wilson, K.G. Technologies of Control: The New Interactive Media for the Home. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1988. In chapter 1, major trends in the videotex industry are examined, incorporating an analysis of developments in technology, markets, industry competition, ownership, and investment. A scenario for the structural organization of a future videotex industry is proposed, based on an analysis of these trend. In chapter 2, the North American privacy tradition is reviewed as a basis for understanding what constraints, if any, will be placed on corporate use of information. Current trends in creating privacy policy for home networking are examined in chapter 3. Rule's concept of public surveillance, based on the problem of agency control of mass clienteles, is the theoretical backdrop for the discussion of social control and privacy protection in this chapter. In chapter 4, an alternative conceptualization of social control and home networking is proposed, based on the use of information generated by these systems for corporate-sector social management. Social management designates uses of the informational commodity for social simulation and long-term social forecasting and planning. Chapter 5 identifies general trends in communications that will have an impact on home networking. The repercussions of these trends and their implications for home networking are considered (Communication Abstracts). Winsor, W.M. "Electronic Mail: A Modern Day Messenger." CPA Journal 58 (August 1988): 97-100. Wresch, William. "Survey of Computer Uses in English Education Programs." (Appendix A). Computers in English and the Language Arts: The Challenge of Teacher Education. Ed. Cynthia L. Selfe, Dawn Rodrigues, and William R. Oates. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1989. 281-286. Surveys the use of computers in English Education Methods courses, English department attitudes toward computers as a part of the curriculum for future teachers of English in the schools, and the availability of computers in area school districts (along with the most frequently encountered applications). Zimmerman, Muriel. "Reconstruction of a Profession: New Roles for Writers in the Computer Industry." The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. Ed. Edward Barrett. MIT Press Series in Information Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. 233-249. Notes the shift in business organizations from the hierarchy to the network. Discusses the effects of decentralization in terms of a shift in the role of the writer. "Writers" as a specialized function become less important with decentralization. The notion of the writer as a social construct is also in flux. Mentions the work of Foucault and Barthes. 53 references. Zuboff, S. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic, 1988. Zuboff, S. "New Worlds of Computer-Mediated Work." Harvard Business Review 20 (1982): 142-152. (Cited in Hunter and Allen, "Adaptation").