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10:MChapter 11:Chapter 11:MChapter 12:Chapter 12:MChapter 13:Chapter 13:MChapter 14:Chapter 14:MChapter 15:Chapter 15:MAppendix A:Appendix A:MAppendix B:Appendix B:M.1.1 READY, SET ...<=@Aûÿ °X Cÿÿ(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý>?>?'öÿdxd3øÿ+0 ÿÿÿd ÿÿÿd d3÷ÿ+0 d d döÿÀÀÀdÿÿÿd(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý ƒò òÔÔÔ‡¼Úì¼XXÔGo€to€Table€of€ContentsÔ#†XõŸX¼¼Úì#ÔÔÔó ó.1.1 READY, SET ...M.1.2 GO!.1.2 GO!M.1.3 PUBLIC-ACCESS I.1.3 PUBLIC-ACCESS IM.1.4 NORTH AMERICAN PROVIDERS.1.4 NORTH AMERICAN PROVIDERSM.1.5 EUROPEAN AND OTH.1.5 EUROPEAN AND OTHM.1.6 IF YOUR TOWN HAS.1.6 IF YOUR TOWN HASM.1.7 NET ORIGINS.1.7 NET ORIGINSM.1.8 HOW IT WORKS.1.8 HOW IT WORKSM.1.9 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG.1.9 WHEN THINGS GO WRONGM.1.10 FYI.1.10 FYIM.2.1 THE BASICS.2.1 THE BASICSM.2.2 ELM -- A BETTER WAY.2.2 ELM -- A BETTER WAYM.2.3 PINE -- AN EVEN.2.3 PINE -- AN EVENM.2.4 SMILEYS.2.4 SMILEYSM.2.5 SENDING E-MAIL .2.5 SENDING E-MAIL M.2.6 SEVEN UNIX COMM.2.6 SEVEN UNIX COMMM.2.7 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG.2.7 WHEN THINGS GO WRONGM.3.1 THE GLOBAL WATERING HOLE.3.1 THE GLOBAL WATERING HOLEM.3.2 NAVIGATING USENET WITH nn.3.2 NAVIGATING USENET WITH nnM.3.3 nn COMMANDS.3.3 nn COMMANDSM.3.4 USING rn.3.4 USING rnM.3.5 rn COMMANDS.3.5 rn COMMANDSM.3.6 ESSENTIAL NEWSGROUPS.3.6 ESSENTIAL NEWSGROUPSM.3.7 SPEAKING UP.3.7 SPEAKING UPM.3.8 CROSS-POSTING.3.8 CROSS-POSTINGM.4.1 FLAME, BLATHER AND SPEW.4.1 FLAME, BLATHER AND SPEWM.4.2 KILLFILES: THE .4.2 KILLFILES: THE M.4.3 DOWNLOADING MESSAGES.4.3 DOWNLOADING MESSAGESM.4.4 ASCII AND YE SH.4.4 ASCII AND YE SHM.4.5 SOME USENET HINTS.4.5 SOME USENET HINTSM.4.6 THE BRAIN-TUMOR .4.6 THE BRAIN-TUMOR M.4.7 BIG SIG.4.7 BIG SIGM.4.8 THE FIRST AMEND.4.8 THE FIRST AMENDM.4.9 USENET HISTORY.4.9 USENET HISTORYM.4.10 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG.4.10 WHEN THINGS GO WRONGM.4.11 FYI.4.11 FYIM.5.1 INTERNET MAILING LISTS.5.1 INTERNET MAILING LISTSM.5.2 BITNET.5.2 BITNETM.6.1 MINING THE NET.6.1 MINING THE NETM.6.2 LIBRARY CATALOGS.6.2 LIBRARY CATALOGSM.6.3 SOME INTERESTIN.6.3 SOME INTERESTINM.6.4 TELNET BULLETIN.6.4 TELNET BULLETINM.6.5 PUTTING THE FIN.6.5 PUTTING THE FINM.6.6 FINDING SOMEONE.6.6 FINDING SOMEONEM.6.7 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG.6.7 WHEN THINGS GO WRONGM.6.8 FYI.6.8 FYIM.7.1 TONS OF FILES.7.1 TONS OF FILESM.7.2 YOUR FRIEND ARCHIE.7.2 YOUR FRIEND ARCHIEM.7.3 GETTING THE FILES.7.3 GETTING THE FILESM.7.4 ODD LETTERS -- .7.4 ODD LETTERS -- M.7.5 THE KEYBOARD CABAL.7.5 THE KEYBOARD CABALM.7.6 SOME INTERESTIN.7.6 SOME INTERESTINM.7.7 ncftp -- NOW YOU TELL ME!.7.7 ncftp -- NOW YOU TELL ME!M.7.8 PROJECT GUTENBER.7.8 PROJECT GUTENBERM.7.9 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG.7.9 WHEN THINGS GO WRONGM.7.10 FYI.7.10 FYIM.8.1 GOPHERS.8.1 GOPHERSM.8.2 BURROWING DEEPER.8.2 BURROWING DEEPERM.8.3 GOPHER COMMANDS.8.3 GOPHER COMMANDSM.8.4 SOME INTERESTING GOPHERS.8.4 SOME INTERESTING GOPHERSM.8.5 WIDE-AREA INFOR.8.5 WIDE-AREA INFORM.8.6 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG.8.6 WHEN THINGS GO WRONGM.8.7 FYI.8.7 FYIM.9.1 GETTING SNARED IN THE WEB.9.1 GETTING SNARED IN THE WEBM.9.2 ALRIGHT, ALREADY.9.2 ALRIGHT, ALREADYM.9.3 ADDRESSING A PROBLEM.9.3 ADDRESSING A PROBLEMM.9.4 IMAGINE THAT --.9.4 IMAGINE THAT --M.9.5 LYNX, MEET GOPHER.9.5 LYNX, MEET GOPHERM.9.6 FINDING THINGS ON THE WEB.9.6 FINDING THINGS ON THE WEBM.9.7 SLIP: BUT I WAN.9.7 SLIP: BUT I WANM.9.8 MORE ON SLIP.9.8 MORE ON SLIPM.9.9 HTML: BUILDING YOUR OWN.9.9 HTML: BUILDING YOUR OWNM.9.10 SOME INTERESTI.9.10 SOME INTERESTIM.9.11 LYNX COMMANDS.9.11 LYNX COMMANDSM.9.12 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG.9.12 WHEN THINGS GO WRONGM.9.13 FYI.9.13 FYIM10.1 THE FILE'S IN THE MAIL10.1 THE FILE'S IN THE MAILM10.2 RECEIVING FILES10.2 RECEIVING FILESM10.3 SENDING FILES 10.3 SENDING FILES M10.4 GETTING FTP FI10.4 GETTING FTP FIM10.5 MINING FOR INFO10.5 MINING FOR INFOM10.6 JUST THE FAX, MA'AM10.6 JUST THE FAX, MA'AMM10.7 THE ALL KNOWING ORACLE10.7 THE ALL KNOWING ORACLEM10.8 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG10.8 WHEN THINGS GO WRONGM10.9 FYI10.9 FYIM11.1 CLARINET: ASS11.1 CLARINET: ASSM11.2 STILL MORE NEW11.2 STILL MORE NEWM11.3 THE WORLD TODA11.3 THE WORLD TODAM11.4 FYI11.4 FYIM12.1 TALK12.1 TALKM12.2 INTERNET RELAY CHAT12.2 INTERNET RELAY CHATM12.3 IRC COMMANDS12.3 IRC COMMANDSM12.4 IRC IN TIMES OF CRISIS12.4 IRC IN TIMES OF CRISISM12.5 MUDs12.5 MUDsM12.6 GO, GO, GO (AN12.6 GO, GO, GO (ANM12.7 THE OTHER SIDE12.7 THE OTHER SIDEM12.8 FYI12.8 FYIM13.1 THE NET IN THE CLASSROOM13.1 THE NET IN THE CLASSROOMM13.2 SOME SPECIFIC 13.2 SOME SPECIFIC M13.3 USENET AND BIT13.3 USENET AND BITM14.1 SETTING UP SHOP14.1 SETTING UP SHOPM14.2 ONLINE STOREFRONTS14.2 ONLINE STOREFRONTSM14.3 THE CHECK IS I14.3 THE CHECK IS IM14.4 THE GOOD, THE 14.4 THE GOOD, THE M14.5 FYI14.5 FYIÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÑ7€õŸXdédÈ7Ñò òÔ‡¼Úì¼XXÔ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€EFF's€Guide€to€the€Internet,€v.€3.1Ô#†XõŸX¼¼Úìq#Ôó óÐ X Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(formerly€The€Big€Dummy's€Guide€to€the€Internet)ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Adam€GaffinÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€February€16,€1995ÌÌ€€Copyright€1993,€1995€Electronic€Frontier€Foundation,€all€rights€reserved.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌòòThis€edition€is€for€WordPerfect€versions€which€support€hypertext€(DOS€6.x,€Windows€6.x,óóÐ ± Y  ÐòòUnix€6.x,€Mac€3.5).€It€has€hypertext€links€from€the€Table€of€Contents.óóÐ ˜ @  Ðòò(Click€Tools€„>€Hypertext€to€get€the€hypertext€function€bar€so€you€can€navigate.)óóÐ  '  Ðße€;B/a° `€ÀE°f y 9””Q èž ÉeßÐ f   ÐÌÌDISTRIBUTION:ÌÌThis€guide€is€available€free€of€charge€from€the€EFF€online€archives€atÌftp.eff.org,€gopher.eff.org,€http://www.eff.org/,€EFF€BBS€(+1€202€861€1223),ÌAOL€keyword€EFF,€CIS€EFFSIG€forum,€and€elsewhere.ÌÌThis€guide€may€be€freely€reproduced€&€distributed€electronically€or€inÌhardcopy,€provided€the€following€conditions€are€met:ÌÌ1)€Please€do€not€qualitatively€modify€the€guide,€and€leave€all€copyright,Ìdistribution,€attribution,€and€EFF€information€intact.€€Permission€expresslyÌgranted€for€translation€to€other€languages€and€conversion€to€other€formats.ÌÌ2)€EFF€has€signed€a€contract€with€MIT€Press€to€publish€a€hardcopy€bookÌversion€of€the€guide,€entitled€_Everybody's_Guide_to_the_Internet_.ÌAll€other€for-profit€distribution€of€printed€versions€of€the€guideÌis€forbidden,€unless€permitted€in€writing.€Non-English€hardcopy€editionsÌmay€appear€in€the€future.€€However,€you€may€print€out€copies€and€recoup€theÌcost€of€printing€and€distribution€by€charging€a€nominal€fee.ÌÌ3)€Any€for-profit€non-paper€distribution€(such€as€shareware€vendorÌdiskettes,€CD-ROM€collections,€etc.)€must€be€approved€by€the€ElectronicÌFrontier€Foundation€(the€time-€and€usage-based€access€fees€of€online€services,Ìbulletin€boards,€and€network€access€providers€are€specifically€exempted).ÌDonations€appreciated.ÌÌ4)€You€may€not€charge€a€for-profit€fee€specifically€for€this€guide,€only€forÌa€collection€containing€the€guide,€with€the€execeptions€of€nominal€copyingÌcharges€and€online€usage€fees€as€exempted€above).ÌÌThe€Electronic€Frontier€FoundationÌ1667€K€St.€NW,€Suite€801ÌWashington€DC€20006-1605€USAÐ 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ÐÌÌIn€the€1960s,€researchers€began€experimenting€with€linking€computers€to€Ìeach€other€and€to€people€through€telephone€hook-ups,€using€funds€from€the€ÌU.S€Defense€Department's€Advanced€Research€Projects€Agency€(ARPA).€ÌÌARPA€wanted€to€see€if€computers€in€different€locations€could€be€linked€Ìusing€a€new€technology€known€as€packet€switching.€This€technology,€in€Ìwhich€data€meant€for€another€location€is€broken€up€into€little€pieces,€Ìeach€with€its€own€"forwarding€address"€had€the€promise€of€letting€several€Ìusers€share€just€one€communications€line.€€Just€as€important,€from€ARPA's€Ìviewpoint,€was€that€this€allowed€for€creation€of€networks€that€could€Ìautomatically€route€data€around€downed€circuits€or€computers.€€ARPA's€Ìgoal€was€not€the€creation€of€today's€international€computer-using€Ìcommunity,€but€development€of€a€data€network€that€could€survive€a€nuclear€Ð  .±+0 Ðattack.€ÌÌPrevious€computer€networking€efforts€had€required€a€line€between€each€Ìcomputer€on€the€network,€sort€of€like€a€one-track€train€route.€The€packet€Ìsystem€allowed€for€creation€of€a€data€highway,€in€which€large€numbers€of€Ìvehicles€could€essentially€share€the€same€lane.€€Each€packet€was€given€Ìthe€computer€equivalent€of€a€map€and€a€time€stamp,€so€that€it€could€be€Ìsent€to€the€right€destination,€where€it€would€then€be€reassembled€into€a€Ìmessage€the€computer€or€a€human€could€use.€ÌÌThis€system€allowed€computers€to€share€data€and€the€researchers€to€Ìexchange€electronic€mail,€or€e-mail.€€In€itself,€e-mail€was€something€of€Ìa€revolution,€offering€the€ability€to€send€detailed€letters€at€the€speed€Ìof€a€phone€call.€ÌÌAs€this€system,€known€as€ARPANet,€grew,€some€enterprising€college€Ìstudents€(and€one€in€high€school)€developed€a€way€to€use€it€to€conduct€Ìonline€conferences.€€These€started€as€science-oriented€discussions,€but€Ìthey€soon€branched€out€into€virtually€every€other€field,€as€people€Ìrecognized€the€power€of€being€able€to€"talk"€to€hundreds,€or€even€Ìthousands,€of€people€around€the€country.€ÌÌIn€the€1970s,€ARPA€helped€support€the€development€of€rules,€or€protocols,€Ìfor€transferring€data€between€different€types€of€computer€networks.€€ÌThese€"internet"€(from€"internetworking")€protocols€made€it€possible€to€Ìdevelop€the€worldwide€Net€we€have€today€that€links€all€sorts€of€computers€Ìacross€national€boundaries.€By€the€close€of€the€1970s,€links€developed€Ìbetween€ARPANet€and€counterparts€in€other€countries.€€The€world€was€now€Ìtied€together€in€a€computer€web.€€ÌÌIn€the€1980s,€this€network€of€networks,€which€became€known€collectively€Ìas€the€Internet,€expanded€at€a€phenomenal€rate.€€Hundreds,€then€Ìthousands,€of€colleges,€research€companies€and€government€agencies€began€Ìto€connect€their€computers€to€this€worldwide€Net.€€Some€enterprising€Ìhobbyists€and€companies€unwilling€to€pay€the€high€costs€of€Internet€Ìaccess€(or€unable€to€meet€stringent€government€regulations€for€access)€Ìlearned€how€to€link€their€own€systems€to€the€Internet,€even€if€"only"€for€Ìe-mail€and€conferences.€€Some€of€these€systems€began€offering€access€to€Ìthe€public.€Now€anybody€with€a€computer€and€modem,€persistance€and€a€Ìsmall€amount€of€money€--€and€persistence€--€could€tap€into€the€world.€ÌÌIn€the€1990s,€the€Net€continues€to€grow€at€exponential€rates.€€Some€Ìestimates€are€that€the€volume€of€messages€transferred€through€the€Net€Ìgrows€20€percent€a€month.€€In€response,€government€and€other€users€have€Ìtried€in€recent€years€to€expand€the€Net€itself.€€Once,€the€main€Net€Ì"backbone"€in€the€U.S.€moved€data€at€56,000€bits€per€second.€That€proved€Ìtoo€slow€for€the€ever€increasing€amounts€of€data€being€sent€over€it,€and€Ìin€recent€years€the€maximum€speed€was€increased€to€1.5€million€and€then€Ì45€million€bits€per€second.€Even€before€the€Net€was€able€to€reach€that€Ð .°+0 Ðlatter€speed,€however,€Net€experts€were€already€figuring€out€ways€to€pump€Ìdata€at€speeds€of€up€to€2€billion€bits€per€second€--€fast€enough€to€send€Ìthe€entire€Encyclopedia€Britannica€across€the€country€in€just€one€or€two€Ìseconds.€€Another€major€change€has€been€the€development€of€commercial€Ìservices€that€provide€internetworking€services€at€speeds€comparable€to€Ìthose€of€the€government€system.€€In€fact,€what€started€as€a€government€Ìexperiment€is€now€largely€a€private€enterprise.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡P Ôò ò1.8€€HOW€IT€WORKSó óÔ%†POÔÐ ‰ 1  ЀÌÌThe€worldwide€Net€is€actually€a€complex€web€of€smaller€regional€networks.€€ÌTo€understand€it,€picture€a€modern€road€network€of€trans-continental€Ìsuperhighways€connecting€large€cities.€€From€these€large€cities€come€Ìsmaller€freeways€and€parkways€to€link€together€small€towns,€whose€Ìresidents€travel€on€slower,€narrow€residential€ways.€€ÌÌThe€Net€superhighway€is€the€high-speed€Internet.€€Connected€to€this€are€Ìcomputers€that€use€a€particular€system€of€transferring€data€at€high€Ìspeeds.€€In€the€U.S.,€the€major€Internet€"backbones"€theoretically€can€Ìmove€data€at€rates€of€45€million€bits€per€second€(compare€this€to€the€Ìaverage€home€modem,€which€has€a€top€speed€of€roughly€9,600€to€14,400€bits€Ìper€second).€€Connected€to€the€backbone€computers€are€smaller€networks€Ìserving€particular€geographic€regions,€which€generally€move€data€at€Ìspeeds€around€1.5€million€bits€per€second.€€Feeding€off€these€in€turn€are€Ìeven€smaller€networks€or€individual€computers.€ÌÌUnlike€with€commercial€networks€such€as€CompuServe€or€Prodigy,€there€is€Ìno€one€central€computer€or€computers€running€the€Internet€--€its€Ìresources€are€to€be€found€among€thousands€of€individual€computers.€€This€Ìis€both€its€greatest€strength€and€its€greatest€weakness.€€€The€approach€Ìmeans€it€is€virtually€impossible€for€the€entire€Net€to€crash€at€once€--€Ìeven€if€one€computer€shuts€down,€the€rest€of€the€network€stays€up.€€The€Ìdesign€also€reduces€the€costs€for€an€individual€or€organization€to€get€Ìonto€the€network.€€However,€thousands€of€connected€computers€can€also€Ìmake€it€difficult€to€navigate€the€Net€and€find€what€you€want€--€Ìespecially€as€different€computers€may€have€different€commands€for€Ìplumbing€their€resources.€€It€is€only€recently€that€Net€users€have€begun€Ìto€develop€the€sorts€of€navigational€tools€and€"maps"€that€will€let€Ìneophytes€get€around€without€getting€lost.€ÌÌNobody€really€knows€how€many€computers€and€networks€actually€make€up€this€ÌNet.€€Some€estimates€say€there€are€now€as€many€as€12,000€networks€Ìconnecting€nearly€4€million€computers€and€more€than€20€million€Ìpeople€around€the€world.€€Whatever€the€actual€numbers,€however,€it€is€Ìclear€they€are€only€increasing.€€€ÌÌThe€Net€is€more€than€just€a€technological€marvel.€It€is€human€Ð  .±+0 Ðcommunication€at€its€most€fundamental€level.€€The€pace€may€be€a€little€Ìquicker€when€the€messages€race€around€the€world€in€a€few€seconds,€but€Ìit's€not€much€different€from€a€large€and€interesting€party.€You'll€see€Ìthings€in€cyberspace€that€will€make€you€laugh;€you'll€see€things€that€Ìwill€anger€you.€€You'll€read€silly€little€snippets€and€new€ideas€that€ÌWILL€make€you€think.€€You'll€make€new€friends€and€meet€people€you€wish€Ìwould€just€go€away.€And€you'll€do€it€all€in€a€community€that€transcends€Ìstate€lines€and€national€borders.Ì€Ìmajor€network€providers€continue€to€work€on€ways€to€make€it€Ìeasier€for€users€of€one€network€to€communicate€with€those€of€another.€€ÌWork€is€underway€on€a€system€for€providing€a€universal€"white€pages"€Ìin€which€you€could€look€up€somebody's€electronic-mail€address,€for€Ìexample.€€This€connectivity€trend€will€likely€speed€up€in€coming€years€Ìas€users€begin€to€demand€seamless€network€access,€much€as€telephone€Ìusers€can€now€dial€almost€anywhere€in€the€world€without€worrying€about€Ìhow€many€phone€companies€actually€have€to€connect€their€calls.€ÌÌToday,€the€links€grow€ever€closer€between€the€Internet€and€such€Ìcommercial€networks€as€CompuServe€and€Prodigy,€whose€users€can€now€Ìexchange€electronic€mail€with€their€Internet€friends.€€All€of€the€major€Ìcommercial€networks,€such€as€CompuServe€and€America€Online€are€gradually€Ìbringing€internet€access€to€their€users€(one€network,€Delphi,€already€Ìoffers€complete€access).€ÌÌAnd€as€it€becomes€easier€to€use,€more€and€more€people€will€join€this€Ìworldwide€community€we€call€the€Net.€ÌÌBeing€connected€to€the€Net€takes€more€than€just€reading€conferences€and€Ìlogging€messages€to€your€computer;€it€takes€asking€and€answering€Ìquestions,€exchanging€opinions€--€getting€involved.€ÌÌIf€you€chose€to€go€forward,€to€use€and€contribute,€you€will€become€a€Ìcitizen€of€Cyberspace.€€If€you're€reading€these€words€for€the€first€time,€Ìthis€may€seem€like€an€amusing€but€unlikely€notion€--€that€one€could€Ì"inhabit"€a€place€without€physical€space.€€But€put€a€mark€beside€these€Ìwords.€€Join€the€Net€and€actively€participate€for€a€year.€€Then€re-read€Ìthis€passage.€€It€will€no€longer€seem€so€strange€to€be€a€"citizen€of€ÌCyberspace."€€It€will€seem€like€the€most€natural€thing€in€the€world.€€€ÌÌAnd€that€leads€to€another€fundamental€thing€to€remember:€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€You€can't€break€the€Net!Ì€ÌAs€you€travel€the€Net,€your€computer€may€freeze,€your€screen€may€erupt€Ìinto€a€mass€of€gibberish.€€You€may€think€you've€just€disabled€a€million-Ìdollar€computer€somewhere€--€or€even€your€own€personal€computer.€€Sooner€Ìor€later,€this€feeling€happens€to€everyone€--€and€likely€more€than€once.€ÌBut€the€Net€and€your€computer€are€hardier€than€you€think,€so€relax.€€You€Ð .°+0 Ðcan€no€more€break€the€Net€than€you€can€the€phone€system.€€If€something€Ìgoes€wrong,€try€again.€€If€nothing€at€all€happens,€you€can€always€Ìdisconnect.€€€If€worse€comes€to€worse,€you€can€turn€off€your€computer.€€ÌThen€take€a€deep€breath.€€And€dial€right€back€in.€Leave€a€note€for€the€Ìperson€who€runs€the€computer€to€which€you've€connected€to€ask€for€advice.€€ÌTry€it€again.€Persistence€pays.€€ÌÌStay€and€contribute.€€The€Net€will€be€richer€for€it€--€and€so€will€you.€€€€€€€€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡R Ôò ò1.9€€WHEN€THINGS€GO€WRONG€ó óÔ%†RÓdÔÐ r   ЀÌ*€Your€computer€connects€with€a€public-access€site€and€get€gibberish€Ìon€your€screen.€€ÌÌIf€you€are€using€parameters€of€8-1-N,€try€7-1-E€(or€vice-versa).€€ÌIf€that€doesn't€work,€try€another€modem€speed.€ÌÌ*€You€have€your€computer€dial€a€public-access€site,€but€nothing€Ìhappens.€€ÌÌCheck€the€phone€number€you€typed€in.€€If€correct,€turn€on€your€modem's€Ìspeaker€(on€Hayes-compatible€modems,€you€can€usually€do€this€by€typing€ÌATM1€in€your€communications€software's€"terminal€mode").€€If€the€phone€Ìjust€rings€and€rings,€the€public-access€site€could€be€down€for€Ìmaintenance€or€due€to€a€crash€or€some€other€problem.€€If€you€get€a€Ì"connect"€message,€but€nothing€else,€try€hitting€enter€or€escape€a€couple€Ìof€times.€€ÌÌ*€You€try€to€log€in,€but€after€you€type€your€password,€nothing€happens,€Ìor€you€get€a€"timed€out"€message€followed€by€a€disconnect.€€ÌÌRe-dial€the€number€and€try€it€again.€ÌÌ*€Always€remember,€if€you€have€a€problem€that€just€doesn't€go€away,€ask!€ÌAsk€your€system€administrator,€ask€a€friend,€but€ask.€€Somebody€will€know€Ìwhat€to€do.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡T Ôò ò1.10€FYIó óÔ%†THiÔÐ Ø%€#' ÐÌÌThe€Net€grows€so€fast€that€even€the€best€guide€to€its€resources€would€be€Ìsomewhat€outdated€the€day€it€was€printed.€€At€the€end€of€each€chapter,€Ìhowever,€you'll€find€FYI€pointers€to€places€on€the€Net€where€you€can€go€Ìfor€more€information€or€to€keep€updated€on€new€resources€and€services.€ÌÌOne€of€those€resources€is€Everybdy's€Internet€Update.€Every€month,€this€Ìfree€electronic€newsletter€will€update€you€on€new€Net€services€and€Ð  .²+0 Ðresources.€€Look€for€it€in€Usenet's€alt.internet.services€and€Ìcomp.org.eff.talk€conferences€(see€chapter€3)€and€on€the€Electronic€ÌFrontier€Foundation's€archive€site€(see€chapter€7).€ÌÌInterNIC,€the€Internet€Network€Information€Center,€maintains€lists€of€Ìsystems€that€provide€public€access€to€Internet€services.€€They're€Ìavailable€on€the€network€itself,€which€obviously€does€you€little€good€if€Ìyou€currently€have€no€access,€but€which€can€prove€invaluable€should€you€Ìmove€or€want€to€find€a€new€system.€To€access€the€lists,€use€gopher€(see€ÌChapter€8)€to€connect€to€ds.internic.net.€€From€the€main€menu,€select€Ì"InterNIC€Information€Services"€and€then€"Getting€Connected€to€the€ÌInternet."€ÌÌBenoit€Carl€Lips€maintains€a€list€of€Internet€access€providers€in€ÌEurope.€€It's€available€via€the€World-Wide€Web€at€Ìhttp://www.earth.org/~lips/€(see€Chapter€9€to€decipher€this)€or€via€FTP€Ìat€sumex-aim.stanford.edu€in€the€/info-mac/comm/information€directory€Ì(see€Chapter€7€for€details€on€this).ÌÌThe€Society€for€Electronic€Access€in€New€York€maintains€a€Ìcomprehensive€list€of€Internet€providers€in€the€New€York/Tri-State€area.€€ÌYou€can€get€a€copy€by€using€Gopher€to€connect€to€gopher.panix.com.€€At€the€Ìmain€menu,€select€SEA.€ÌÌZik€Saleeba€maintains€a€list€of€Australian€sites.€€You€can€get€the€most€Ìcurrent€version€of€the€list€(which€also€includes€information€on€sites€Ìthat€provide€e-mail€and€Usenet€access)€via€ftp/ncftp€and€World-Wide€Web.€€€ÌFor€the€former,€connect€to€archie.au€(again,€look€in€Chapter€6€to€Ìdecipher€this).€€Look€in€the€usenet/FAQs/alt.internet.access.wanted€Ìdirectory€for€Network_Access_in_Australia_FAQ€file.€€For€the€former,€Ìpoint€your€Web€client€at€http://www.cs.monash.edu.au/~zik/netfaq.html€ÌÌSteven€Levy's€book,€"Hackers:€Heroes€of€the€Computer€Revolution,"€Ì(Anchor€Press/Doubleday,€1984).€describes€the€early€culture€and€ethos€Ìthat€ultimately€resulted€in€the€Internet€and€Usenet.€ÌÌYou'll€find€numerous€documents€about€the€Internet,€its€history€and€its€Ìresources€in€the€pub/Net_info€directory€on€the€Electronic€Frontier€ÌFoundation's€ftp€server€(see€chapter€7€to€decipher€this).€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  M+õ(- ÐÔ% € Ôò òChapter€2:€E-MAILó óÐ X Ѐ̀ÌÌÔ% ‡V Ôò ò2.1€€THE€BASICSó óÔ%†VòsÔÐ ý¥ ÐÌÌElectronic€mail,€or€e-mail,€is€your€personal€connection€to€the€world€of€Ìthe€Net.€ÌÌAll€of€the€millions€of€people€around€the€world€who€use€the€Net€have€their€Ìown€e-mail€addresses.€€A€growing€number€of€"gateways"€tie€more€and€more€Ìpeople€to€the€Net€every€day.€€ÌÌThe€basic€concepts€behind€e-mail€parallel€those€of€regular€mail.€€You€Ìsend€mail€to€people€at€their€particular€addresses.€€In€turn,€they€write€Ìto€you€at€your€e-mail€address.€€You€can€subscribe€to€the€electronic€Ìequivalent€of€magazines€and€newspapers.€Sooner€or€later,€you'll€probably€Ìeven€get€electronic€junk€mail.€ÌÌE-mail€has€two€distinct€advantages€over€regular€mail.€€The€most€obvious€Ìis€speed.€Instead€of€several€days,€your€message€can€reach€the€other€side€Ìof€the€world€in€hours,€minutes€or€even€seconds€(depending€on€where€you€Ìdrop€off€your€mail€and€the€state€of€the€connections€between€there€and€Ìyour€recipient).€€The€other€advantage€is€that€once€you€master€the€basics,€Ìyou'll€be€able€to€use€e-mail€to€access€databases€and€file€libraries.€€ÌYou'll€see€how€to€do€this€later,€in€chapter€10,€along€with€learning€how€Ìto€transfer€program€and€data€files€through€e-mail.€ÌÌE-mail€also€has€advantages€over€the€telephone.€€You€send€your€message€Ìwhen€it's€convenient€for€you.€€Your€recipients€respond€at€their€Ìconvenience.€€No€more€telephone€tag.€€And€while€a€phone€call€across€the€Ìcountry€or€around€the€world€can€quickly€result€in€huge€phone€bills,€e-Ìmail€lets€you€exchange€vast€amounts€of€mail€for€only€a€few€pennies€--€Ìeven€if€the€other€person€is€on€the€other€side€of€the€earth.€ÌÌE-mail€is€your€connection€to€help€--€your€Net€lifeline.€€The€Net€can€Ìsometimes€seem€a€frustrating€place!€€No€matter€how€hard€you€try,€no€Ìmatter€where€you€look,€you€just€might€not€be€able€to€find€the€answer€to€Ìwhatever€is€causing€you€problems.€But€when€you€know€how€to€use€e-mail,€Ìhelp€is€often€just€a€few€keystrokes€away:€you€can€ask€your€system€Ìadministrator€or€a€friend€for€help€in€an€e-mail€message.€ÌÌThe€quickest€way€to€start€learning€e-mail€is€to€send€yourself€a€message.€€ÌMost€public-access€sites€actually€have€several€different€types€of€mail€Ìsystems,€all€of€which€let€you€both€send€and€receive€mail.€We'll€start€Ìwith€the€simplest€one,€known,€appropriately€enough,€as€"mail,"€and€then€Ìlook€at€a€couple€of€other€interfaces.€At€your€host€system's€command€Ìprompt,€type:€Ð  .²+0 Ѐ̀€€€€mail€username€Ì€Ìwhere€username€is€the€name€you€gave€yourself€when€you€first€logged€on.€€ÌHit€enter.€€The€computer€might€respond€with€Ì€€€€Ì€€€€€subject:€Ì€ÌType€Ì€Ì€€€€€test€Ì€Ìor,€actually,€anything€at€all€(but€you'll€have€to€hit€enter€before€you€Ìget€to€the€end€of€the€screen).€Hit€enter.€ÌÌThe€cursor€will€drop€down€a€line.€You€can€now€begin€writing€the€actual€Ìmessage.€Type€a€sentence,€again,€anything€at€all.€€And€here's€where€you€Ìhit€your€first€Unix€frustration,€one€that€will€bug€you€repeatedly:€you€Ìhave€to€hit€enter€before€you€get€to€the€very€end€of€the€line.€€Just€like€Ìtypewriters,€many€Unix€programs€have€no€word-wrapping€(although€there€are€Ìways€to€get€some€Unix€text€processors,€such€as€emacs,€to€word-wrap).€ÌÌWhen€done€with€your€message,€hit€return.€Now€hit€control-D€(hold€down€the€Ìcontrol€key,€then€hit€your€d€key).€€This€is€a€Unix€command€that€tells€the€Ìcomputer€you're€done€writing€and€that€it€should€close€your€"envelope"€and€Ìmail€it€off€(you€could€also€hit€enter€once€and€then,€on€a€blank€line,€Ìtype€a€period€at€the€beginning€of€the€line€and€hit€enter€again).€ÌÌYou've€just€sent€your€first€e-mail€message.€€And€because€you're€sending€Ìmail€to€yourself,€rather€than€to€someone€somewhere€else€on€the€Net,€your€Ìmessage€has€already€arrived,€as€we'll€see€in€a€moment.€ÌÌIf€you€had€wanted,€you€could€have€even€written€your€message€on€your€own€Ìcomputer€and€then€uploaded€it€into€this€electronic€"envelope."€€There€are€Ìa€couple€of€good€reasons€to€do€this€with€long€or€involved€messages.€€One€Ìis€that€once€you€hit€enter€at€the€end€of€a€line€in€"mail"€you€can't€Ìreadily€fix€any€mistakes€on€that€line€(unless€you€use€some€special€Ìcommands€to€call€up€a€Unix€text€processor).€€Also,€if€you€are€paying€for€Ìaccess€by€the€hour,€uploading€a€prepared€message€can€save€you€money.€€ÌRemember€to€save€the€document€in€ASCII€or€text€format.€€Uploading€a€Ìdocument€you've€created€in€a€word€processor€that€uses€special€formatting€Ìcommands€(which€these€days€means€many€programs)€will€cause€strange€Ìeffects.€ÌÌWhen€you€get€that€blank€line€after€the€subject€line,€upload€the€message€Ìusing€the€ASCII€protocol.€€Or€you€can€copy€and€paste€the€text,€if€your€Ìsoftware€allows€that.€When€done,€hit€control-D€as€above.€ÌÌNow€you€have€mail€waiting€for€you.€€Normally,€when€you€log€on,€your€Ð .°+0 Ðpublic-access€site€will€tell€you€whether€you€have€new€mail€waiting.€€To€Ìopen€your€mailbox€and€see€your€waiting€mail,€type€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€mail€Ì€Ìand€hit€enter.€ÌÌWhen€the€host€system€sees€"mail"€without€a€name€after€it,€it€knows€you€Ìwant€to€look€in€your€mailbox€rather€than€send€a€message.€On€a€plain-ÌUnix€system,€your€screen€will€display€something€like:̀̀€€€€Mail€version€SMI€4.0€Mon€Apr€24€18:34:15€PDT€1989€€Type€?€for€help.€Ì€€€€€"/usr/spool/mail/adamg":€1€message€1€new€1€unread€Ì€€Ì€€€€€>N€1€adamg€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sat€Jan€15€20:04€€€12/290€€€test€Ì€€€ÌIgnore€the€first€line;€it's€just€computerese€of€value€only€to€the€Ìpeople€who€run€your€system.€You€can€type€a€question€mark€and€hit€return€Ìto€bring€up€a€list€of€help€files,€but€unless€you're€familiar€with€Unix,€Ìmost€of€what€you'll€see€won't€make€much€sense.ÌÌThe€second€line€tells€you€the€directory€on€the€host€system€where€your€Ìmail€messages€are€put,€which€again,€is€not€something€you'll€likely€need€Ìto€know.€€The€second€line€also€tells€you€how€many€messages€are€in€your€Ìmailbox,€how€many€have€come€in€since€the€last€time€you€looked€and€how€Ìmany€messages€you€haven't€read€yet.€ÌÌIt's€the€third€line€that€is€of€real€interest€--€it€tells€you€who€the€Ìmessage€is€from,€when€it€arrived,€how€many€lines€and€characters€it€takes€Ìup,€and€what€the€subject€is.€€The€"N"€means€it€is€a€new€message€--€it€Ìarrived€after€the€last€time€you€looked€in€your€mailbox.€€Hit€enter.€And€Ìthere's€your€message€--€only€now€it's€a€lot€longer€than€what€you€wrote!€Ì€Ì€€€€€€Message€1:€Ì€€€€€€From€adamg€Jan€15€20:04:55€1994Ì€€€€€€Received:€by€eff.org€id€AA28949€Ì€€€€€€(5.65c/IDA-1.4.4/pen-ident€for€adamg);€Sat,€15€Jan€1994€20:04:55€-0400€€Ì€€€€€€(ident-sender:€adamg@eff.org)€Ì€€€€€€Date:€Sat,€15€Jan€1994€21:34:55€-0400€Ì€€€€€€From:€Adam€Gaffin€€Ì€€€€€€Message-Id:€<199204270134.AA28949@eff.org>€Ì€€€€€€To:€adamg€Ì€€€€€€Subject:€test€Ì€€€€€€Status:€R€Ì€Ì€€€€€€This€is€only€a€test!€Ì€ÌWhoa!€What€is€all€that€stuff?€It's€your€message€with€a€postmark€gone€mad.€€ÌJust€as€the€postal€service€puts€its€marks€on€every€piece€of€mail€it€Ð .°+0 Ðhandles,€so€do€Net€postal€systems.€€Only€it's€called€a€"header"€instead€Ìof€a€postmark.€Each€system€that€handles€or€routes€your€mail€puts€its€Ìstamp€on€it.€€Since€many€messages€go€through€a€number€of€systems€on€their€Ìway€to€you,€you€will€often€get€messages€with€headers€that€seem€to€go€on€Ìforever.€€Among€other€things,€a€header€will€tell€you€exactly€when€a€Ìmessage€was€sent€and€received€(even€the€difference€between€your€local€Ìtime€and€Greenwich€Mean€Time€--€as€at€the€end€of€line€4€above).€ÌÌIf€this€had€been€a€long€message,€it€would€just€keep€scrolling€across€and€Ìdown€your€screen€--€unless€the€people€who€run€your€public-access€site€Ìhave€set€it€up€to€pause€every€24€lines.€€One€way€to€deal€with€a€message€Ìthat€doesn't€stop€is€to€use€your€telecommunication€software's€logging€or€Ìtext-buffer€function.€€Start€it€before€you€hit€the€number€of€the€message€Ìyou€want€to€see.€€Your€computer€will€ask€you€what€you€want€to€call€the€Ìfile€you're€about€to€create.€After€you€name€the€file€and€hit€enter,€type€Ìthe€number€of€the€message€you€want€to€see€and€hit€enter.€€When€the€Ìmessage€finishes€scrolling,€turn€off€the€text-buffer€function.€The€Ìmessage€is€now€saved€in€your€computer.€€This€way,€you€can€read€the€Ìmessage€while€not€connected€to€the€Net€(which€can€save€you€money€if€Ìyou're€paying€by€the€hour)€and€write€a€reply€offline.€ÌÌBut€in€the€meantime,€now€what?€€You€can€respond€to€the€message,€delete€it€Ìor€save€it.€€To€respond,€type€a€lowercase€r€and€hit€enter.€€You'll€get€Ìsomething€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€To:€adamg€Ì€€€€€Subject:€Re:€€test€Ì€ÌNote€that€this€time,€you€don't€have€to€enter€a€user€name.€€The€computer€Ìtakes€it€from€the€message€you're€replying€to€and€automatically€addresses€Ìyour€message€to€its€sender.€The€computer€also€automatically€inserts€a€Ìsubject€line,€by€adding€"Re:"€to€the€original€subject.€€From€here,€it's€Ìjust€like€writing€a€new€message.€But€say€you€change€your€mind€and€decide€Ìnot€to€reply€after€all.€How€do€you€get€out€of€the€message?€Hit€control-C€Ìonce.€You'll€get€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€(Interrupt€--€one€more€to€kill€letter)€Ì€ÌIf€you€hit€control-C€once€more,€the€message€will€disappear€and€you'll€get€Ìback€to€your€mail's€command€line.€ÌÌNow,€if€you€type€a€lowercase€d€and€then€hit€enter,€you'll€delete€the€Ìoriginal€message.€€Type€a€lowercase€q€to€exit€your€mailbox.€€ÌÌIf€you€type€a€q€without€first€hitting€d,€your€message€is€transferred€to€a€Ìfile€called€mbox.€€This€file€is€where€all€read,€but€un-deleted,€messages€Ìgo.€€If€you€want€to€leave€it€in€your€mailbox€for€now,€type€a€lowercase€x€Ìand€hit€enter.€€This€gets€you€out€of€mail€without€making€any€changes.€ÌThe€mbox€file€works€a€lot€like€your€mailbox.€€To€access€it,€type€Ð .°+0 Ѐ€€Ì€€€€€mail€-f€mbox€Ì€Ìat€your€host€system's€command€line€and€hit€enter.€€ÌÌYou'll€get€a€menu€identical€to€the€one€in€your€mailbox€from€which€you€can€Ìread€these€old€messages,€delete€them€or€respond€to€them.€€It's€probably€a€Ìgood€idea€to€clear€out€your€mailbox€and€mbox€file€from€time€to€time,€if€Ìonly€to€keep€them€uncluttered.€ÌÌAre€there€any€drawbacks€to€e-mail?€€There€are€a€few.€€One€is€that€people€Ìseem€more€willing€to€fly€off€the€handle€electronically€than€in€person,€or€Ìover€the€phone.€€Maybe€it's€because€it's€so€easy€to€hit€r€and€reply€to€a€Ìmessage€without€pausing€and€reflecting€a€moment.€€That's€why€we€have€Ìsmileys€(see€section€2.4)!€€There's€no€online€equivalent€yet€of€a€return€Ìreceipt:€chances€are€your€message€got€to€where€it's€going,€but€there's€no€Ìabsolute€way€for€you€to€know€for€sure€unless€you€get€a€reply€from€the€Ìother€person.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌSo€now€you're€ready€to€send€e-mail€to€other€people€on€the€Net.€€Of€Ìcourse,€you€need€somebody's€address€to€send€them€mail.€€How€do€you€get€Ìit?€€ÌÌAlas,€the€simplest€answer€is€not€what€you'd€call€the€most€elegant:€you€Ìcall€them€up€on€the€phone€or€write€them€a€letter€on€paper€and€ask€them.€€ÌResidents€of€the€electronic€frontier€are€only€beginning€to€develop€the€Ìequivalent€of€phone€books,€and€the€ones€that€exist€today€are€far€from€Ìcomplete€(still,€later€on,€in€Chapter€6,€we'll€show€you€how€to€use€some€Ìof€these€directories).€ÌÌEventually,€you'll€start€corresponding€with€people,€which€means€you'll€Ìwant€to€know€how€to€address€mail€to€them.€€It's€vital€to€know€how€to€do€Ìthis,€because€the€smallest€mistake€--€using€a€comma€when€you€should€have€Ìused€a€period,€for€instance,€can€bounce€the€message€back€to€you,€Ìundelivered.€€In€this€sense,€Net€addresses€are€like€phone€numbers:€one€Ìwrong€digit€and€you€get€the€wrong€person.€€Fortunately,€most€net€Ìaddresses€now€adhere€to€a€relatively€easy-to-understand€system.€ÌÌEarlier,€you€sent€yourself€a€mail€message€using€just€your€user-name.€€ÌThis€was€sort€of€like€making€a€local€phone€call€--€you€didn't€have€to€Ìdial€a€1€or€an€area€code.€€This€also€works€for€mail€to€anybody€else€who€Ìhas€an€account€on€the€same€system€as€you.€ÌÌSending€mail€outside€of€your€system,€though,€will€require€the€use€of€the€ÌNet€equivalent€of€area€codes,€called€"domains."€A€basic€Net€address€will€Ìlook€something€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€tomg@world.std.com€Ì€Ð .°+0 ÐTomg€is€somebody's€user€ID,€and€he€is€at€(hence€the€@€sign)€a€site€(or€in€ÌInternetese,€a€"domain")€known€as€std.com.€€Large€organizations€often€Ìhave€more€than€one€computer€linked€to€the€Internet;€in€this€case,€the€Ìname€of€the€particular€machine€is€world€(you€will€quickly€notice€that,€Ìlike€boat€owners,€Internet€computer€owners€always€name€their€machines).€ÌÌDomains€tell€you€the€name€of€the€organization€that€runs€a€given€e-mail€Ìsite€and€what€kind€of€site€it€is€or,€if€it's€not€in€the€U.S.,€what€Ìcountry€it's€located€in.€€Large€organizations€may€have€more€than€one€Ìcomputer€or€gateway€tied€to€the€Internet,€so€you'll€often€see€a€two-part€Ìdomain€name;€and€sometimes€even€three-€or€four-part€domain€names.€ÌÌIn€general,€American€addresses€end€in€an€organizational€suffix,€such€as€Ì".edu"€€(which€means€the€site€is€at€a€college€or€university).€Other€ÌAmerican€suffixes€include:€Ì€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€.com€for€businesses€Ì€€€€€.org€for€non-profit€organizations€Ì€€€€€.gov€and€.mil€for€government€and€military€agencies€Ì€€€€€.net€for€companies€or€organizations€that€run€large€networks.€€Ì€ÌSites€in€the€rest€of€the€world€tend€to€use€a€two-letter€code€that€Ìrepresents€their€country.€€Most€make€sense,€such€as€.ca€for€Canadian€Ìsites,€but€there€are€a€couple€of€seemingly€odd€ones€(at€least€to€ÌAmericans).€€Swiss€sites€end€in€.ch,€while€South€African€ones€end€in€.za.€€ÌA€few€U.S.€sites€have€followed€this€international€convention€(such€as€Ìnred.reading.ma.us).€ÌÌYou'll€notice€that€the€above€addresses€are€all€in€lower-case.€€Unlike€Ìalmost€everything€else€having€anything€at€all€to€do€with€Unix,€most€Net€Ìmailing€systems€don't€care€about€case,€so€you€generally€don't€have€to€Ìworry€about€capitalizing€e-mail€addresses.€€Alas,€there€are€a€few€Ìexceptions€--€some€public-access€sites€do€allow€for€capital€letters€in€Ìuser€names.€€When€in€doubt,€ask€the€person€you€want€to€write€to,€or€let€Ìher€send€you€a€message€first€(recall€how€a€person's€e-mail€address€is€Ìusually€found€on€the€top€of€her€message).€The€domain€name,€the€part€of€Ìthe€address€after€the€@€sign,€never€has€to€be€capitalized.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌIt's€all€a€fairly€simple€system€that€works€very€well,€except,€again,€it's€Ìvital€to€get€the€address€exactly€right€--€just€as€you€have€to€dial€a€Ìphone€number€exactly€right.€€Send€a€message€to€tomg@unm.edu€(which€is€the€ÌUniversity€of€New€Mexico)€when€you€meant€to€send€it€to€tomg@umn.edu€(the€ÌUniversity€of€Minnesota),€and€your€letter€will€either€bounce€back€to€you€Ìundelivered,€or€go€to€the€wrong€person.€ÌÌIf€your€message€is€bounced€back€to€you€as€undeliverable,€you'll€get€an€Ìominous€looking-message€from€MAILER-DAEMON€(actually€a€rather€benign€Unix€Ìprogram€that€exists€to€handle€mail),€with€an€evil-looking€header€followed€Ìby€the€text€of€your€message.€Sometimes,€you€can€tell€what€went€wrong€by€Ð .°+0 Ðlooking€at€the€first€few€lines€of€the€bounced€message.€€Besides€an€Ìincorrect€address,€it's€possible€your€host€system€does€not€have€the€other€Ìsite€in€the€"map"€it€maintains€of€other€host€systems.€Or€you€could€be€Ìtrying€to€send€mail€to€another€network,€such€as€Bitnet€or€CompuServe,€Ìthat€has€special€addressing€requirements.€ÌÌSometimes,€figuring€all€this€out€can€prove€highly€frustrating.€€But€Ìremember€the€prime€Net€commandment:€Ask.€€Send€a€message€to€your€system€Ìadministrator.€Include€a€copy€of€the€header€from€the€original€message.€€ÌHe€or€she€might€be€able€to€help€decipher€the€problem.€ÌÌThere€is€one€kind€of€address€that€may€give€your€host€system€particular€Ìproblems.€€There€are€two€main€ways€that€Unix€systems€exchange€mail.€€One€Ìis€known€as€UUCP€and€started€out€with€a€different€addressing€system€than€Ìthe€rest€of€the€Net.€€Most€UUCP€systems€have€since€switched€over€to€the€Ìstandard€Net€addressing€system,€but€a€few€traditional€sites€still€cling€Ìto€their€original€type,€which€tends€to€have€lots€of€exclamation€points€in€Ìit,€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€uunet!somesite!othersite!mybuddy€Ì€ÌThe€problem€for€many€host€sites€is€that€exclamation€points€(also€known€as€Ì"bangs")€now€mean€something€special€in€the€more€common€systems€or€Ì"shells"€used€to€operate€many€Unix€computers.€This€means€that€addressing€Ìmail€to€such€a€site€(or€even€responding€to€a€message€you€received€from€Ìone)€could€confuse€the€poor€computer€to€no€end€and€your€message€never€Ìgets€sent€out.€If€that€happens,€try€putting€backslashes€in€front€of€each€Ìexclamation€point,€so€that€you€get€an€address€that€looks€like€this:€Ì€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€uunet\!somesite\!othersite\!mybuddy€Ì€ÌNote€that€this€means€you€may€not€be€able€to€respond€to€such€a€message€by€Ìtyping€a€lowercase€r€€--€you€may€get€an€error€message€and€you'll€have€to€Ìcreate€a€brand-new€message.ÌÌIf€you€want€to€get€a€taste€of€what's€possible€on€the€Net,€start€a€message€Ìto€this€address:€ÌÌ€€€€€president@whitehouse.govÌÌCompose€some€well€wishes€(or€grumblings,€if€you're€so€inclined).€€Send€Ìoff€the€message,€and€within€a€few€seconds€to€a€few€hours€(depending€on€Ìthe€state€of€your€Net€connection),€you'll€get€back€a€reply€that€your€Ìmessage€has€been€received.€€If€you€don't€feel€like€starting€at€the€top,€Ìsend€a€message€instead€to€ÌÌ€€€€€vice-president@whitehouse.govÌÌÐ .°+0 ÐThe€"mail"€program€is€actually€a€very€powerful€one€and€a€Netwide€Ìstandard,€at€least€on€Unix€computers.€€But€it€can€be€hard€to€figure€out€-Ì-€you€can€type€a€question€mark€to€get€a€list€of€commands,€but€these€may€Ìbe€of€limited€use€unless€you're€already€familiar€with€Unix.€Fortunately,€Ìthere€are€a€couple€of€other€mail€programs€that€are€easier€to€use.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡X Ôò ò2.2€€ELM€--€A€BETTER€WAY€ó óÔ%†X(¸ÔÐ ·_ ÐÌ€ÌElm€is€a€combination€mailbox€and€letter-writing€system€that€uses€menus€to€Ìhelp€you€navigate€through€mail.€€Most€Unix-based€host€systems€now€have€it€Ìonline.€To€use€it,€type€Ì€€Ì€€€€€elm€Ì€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You'll€get€a€menu€of€your€waiting€mail,€along€with€a€list€Ìof€commands€you€can€execute,€that€will€look€something€like€this:€Ì€Ì€Ì€€€€€Mailbox€is€'/usr/spool/mail/adamg'€with€38€messages€[ELM€2.3€PL11]€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€1€€€Sep€1€€Christopher€Davis€€(13)€€€here's€another€message.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€2€€€Sep€1€€Christopher€Davis€€(91)€€€This€is€a€message€from€Eudora€€€€€€€€Ì€€€3€€€Aug€31€Rita€Marie€Rouvali€(161)€€First€Internet€Hunt€!!!€(fwd)€€€€€€€€Ì€€€4€€€Aug€31€Peter€Scott/Manage€(69)€€€New€File€€University€of€Londo€Ì€€€5€€€Aug€30€Peter€Scott/Manage€(64)€€€New€File€€X.500€service€at€A€Ì€€€6€€€Aug€30€Peter€Scott/Manage€(39)€€€New€File€€DATAPAC€Informatio€Ì€€€7€€€Aug€28€Peter€Scott/Manage€(67)€€€Proposed€Usenet€group€for€HYTELNET€n€Ì€€€8€€€Aug€28€Peter€Scott/Manage€(56)€€€New€File€€JANET€Public€Acces€Ì€€€9€€€Aug€26€Helen€Trillian€Ros€(15)€€€Tuesday€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€10€€Aug€26€Peter€Scott/Manage€(151)€€Update€€Oxford€University€OU€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€You€can€use€any€of€the€following€commands€by€pressing€the€first€character;€€Ìd)elete€or€u)ndelete€mail,€€m)ail€a€message,€€r)eply€or€f)orward€mail,€€q)uit€Ì€€To€read€a€message,€press€.€€j€=€move€down,€k€=€move€up,€?€=€help€€€Ì€ÌÌEach€line€shows€the€date€you€received€the€message,€who€sent€it,€how€many€Ìlines€long€the€message€is,€and€the€message's€subject.€ÌÌIf€you€are€using€VT100€or€similar€emulation,€you€can€move€up€and€down€the€Ìmenu€with€your€up€and€down€arrow€keys.€€Otherwise,€type€the€line€number€Ìof€the€message€you€want€to€read€or€delete€and€hit€enter.€ÌÌWhen€you€read€a€message,€it€pauses€every€24€lines,€instead€of€scrolling€Ìuntil€it's€done.€€Hit€the€space€bar€to€read€the€next€page.€€You€can€type€Ð  .±+0 Ða€lowercase€r€to€reply€or€a€lower-case€q€or€i€to€get€back€to€the€menu€Ì(the€I€stands€for€"index").€€ÌÌAt€the€main€menu,€hitting€a€lowercase€m€followed€by€enter€will€let€you€Ìstart€a€message.€€To€delete€a€message,€type€a€lower-case€d.€€You€can€do€Ìthis€while€reading€the€message.€€Or,€if€you€are€in€the€menu,€move€the€Ìcursor€to€the€message's€line€and€then€hit€d.€ÌÌWhen€you're€done€with€elm,€type€a€lower-case€q.€€The€program€will€ask€if€Ìyou€really€want€to€delete€the€messages€you€marked.€Then,€it€will€ask€you€Ìif€you€want€to€move€any€messages€you've€read€but€haven't€marked€for€Ìdeletion€to€a€"received"€file.€€For€now,€hit€your€n€key.€€Elm€has€Ìa€potentially€major€disadvantage€for€the€beginner.€The€default€text€Ìeditor€it€often€generally€calls€up€when€you€hit€your€r€or€m€key€is€often€Ìa€program€called€emacs.€Unixoids€swear€by€emacs,€but€everybody€else€Ìalmost€always€finds€it€impossible.€€Unfortunately,€you€can't€always€get€Ìaway€from€it€(or€vi,€another€text€editor€often€found€on€Unix€systems),€so€Ìlater€on€we'll€talk€about€some€basic€commands€that€will€keep€you€from€Ìgoing€totally€nuts.€€If€you're€lucky,€though,€your€system€administrator€Ìwill€have€changed€emacs€to€Pico,€a€much€easier€to€use€text€processor€Ì(more€on€that€in€the€Pine€section€below).ÌÌIf€you€want€to€save€a€message€to€your€own€computer,€hit€s,€either€within€Ìthe€message€or€with€your€cursor€on€the€message€entry€in€the€elm€menu.€€A€Ìfilename€will€pop€up.€€If€you€do€not€like€it,€type€a€new€name€(you€won't€Ìhave€to€backspace).€€Hit€enter,€and€the€message€will€be€saved€with€that€Ìfile€name€in€your€"home€directory"€on€your€host€system.€€After€you€exit€Ìelm,€you€can€now€download€it€(ask€your€system€administrator€for€specifics€Ìon€how€to€download€--€and€upload€--€such€files).€ÌÌ€ÌÔ% ‡Z Ôò ò2.3€€PINE€--€AN€EVEN€BETTER€WAYó óÔ%†Z.ÈÔÐ 7 ÐÌPine€is€based€on€elm€but€includes€a€number€of€improvements€that€make€it€Ìan€ideal€mail€system€for€beginners.€€€Like€elm,€pine€starts€you€with€a€Ìmenu.€€It€also€has€an€"address€book"€feature€that€is€handy€for€people€Ìwith€long€or€complex€e-mail€addresses.€Hitting€A€at€the€main€menu€puts€Ìyou€in€the€address€book,€where€you€can€type€in€the€person's€first€name€Ì(or€nickname)€followed€by€her€address.€Then,€when€you€want€to€send€that€Ìperson€a€message,€you€only€have€to€type€in€her€first€name€or€nickname,€Ìand€Pine€automatically€inserts€her€actual€address.€The€address€book€Ìalso€lets€you€set€up€a€mailing€list.€€This€feature€allows€you€to€send€the€Ìsame€message€to€a€number€of€people€at€once.€ÌÌWhat€really€sets€Pine€apart€is€its€built-in€text€editor,€which€looks€and€Ìfeels€a€lot€more€like€word-processing€programs€available€for€MS-DOS€and€ÌMacintosh€users.€€Not€only€does€it€have€word€wrap€(a€revolutionary€Ìconcept€if€ever€there€was€one),€it€also€has€a€spell-checker€and€a€search€Ìcommand.€Best€of€all,€all€of€the€commands€you€need€are€listed€in€a€two-Ð  .±+0 Ðline€mini-menu€at€the€bottom€of€each€screen.€€The€commands€look€like€Ìthis:€Ì€Ì€€€€€^W€Where€is€Ì€ÌThe€little€caret€is€a€synonym€for€the€key€marked€"control"€on€your€Ìkeyboard.€€To€find€where€a€particular€word€is€in€your€document,€hit€Ìcontrol-w€(depress€your€control€key,€then€hit€w)€you'd€hit€your€control€Ìkey€and€your€W€key€at€the€same€time,€which€would€bring€up€a€prompt€asking€Ìyou€for€the€word€to€look€for.€€Some€of€Pine's€commands€are€a€tad€peculiar€Ì(control-V€for€"page€down"€for€example),€which€comes€from€being€based€on€Ìa€variant€of€the€emacs€text€processor€(which€is€utterly€peculiar).€€But€Ìagain,€all€of€the€commands€you€need€are€listed€on€that€two-line€mini-Ìmenu,€so€it€shouldn't€take€you€more€than€a€couple€of€seconds€to€find€the€Ìright€one.€€To€use€Pine,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€pine€Ì€Ìat€the€command€line€and€hit€enter.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€Ì€ÌÔ% ‡\ Ôò ò2.4€€SMILEYSó óÔ%†\ÐÔÐ u Ѐ̀ÌWhen€you're€involved€in€an€online€discussion,€you€can't€see€the€smiles€or€Ìshrugs€that€the€other€person€might€make€in€a€live€conversation€to€show€Ìhe's€only€kidding.€€But€online,€there's€no€body€language.€So€what€you€Ìmight€think€is€funny,€somebody€else€might€take€as€an€insult.€€To€try€to€Ìkeep€such€misunderstandings€from€erupting€into€bitter€disputes,€we€have€Ìsmileys.€€Tilt€your€head€to€the€left€and€look€at€the€following€sideways.€Ì:-).€€Or€simply€:).€€This€is€your€basic€"smiley."€Use€it€to€indicate€Ìpeople€should€not€take€that€comment€you€just€made€as€seriously€as€they€Ìmight€otherwise.€€You€make€a€smiley€by€typing€a€colon,€a€hyphen€and€a€Ìright€parenthetical€bracket.€Some€people€prefer€using€the€word€"grin,"€Ìusually€in€this€form:€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌSometimes,€though,€you'll€see€it€as€*grin*€or€even€just€€for€short.€Ì€ÌSome€other€smileys€include:€Ì€Ì€€€€€;-)€€€€€€Wink;€Ì€€€€€:-(€€€€€€Frown;€Ì€€€€€:-O€€€€€€Surprise;€Ì€€€€€8-)€€€€€€Wearing€glasses;€Ì€€€€€=|:-)=€€€Abe€Lincoln.€Ì€€€€ÌOK,€so€maybe€the€last€two€are€a€little€bogus€:-).Ð  .±+0 ЀÌÌÔ% ‡^ Ôò ò2.5€€SENDING€E-MAIL€TO€OTHER€NETWORKSó óÔ%†^ÔÔÐ *Ò Ѐ̀ÌThere€are€a€number€of€computer€networks€that€are€not€directly€part€of€the€ÌNet,€but€which€are€now€connected€through€"gateways"€that€allow€the€Ìpassing€of€e-mail.€€Here's€a€list€of€some€of€the€larger€networks,€how€to€Ìsend€mail€to€them€and€how€their€users€can€send€mail€to€you:€Ì€ÌAmerica€Online€Ì--------------Ì€ÌRemove€any€spaces€from€a€user's€name€and€append€"@aol.com,"€to€get€Ì€Ì€€€€€user@aol.com€Ì€ÌAmerica€Online€users€who€want€to€send€mail€to€you€need€only€put€your€ÌNet€address€in€the€"to:"€field€before€composing€a€message.€Ì€Ì€ÌATTMail€Ì-------Ì€ÌAddress€your€message€to€user@attmail.com.€Ì€€€ÌFrom€ATTMail,€a€user€would€send€mail€to€you€in€this€form:€Ì€Ì€€€€€internet!domain!user€Ì€ÌSo€if€your€address€were€nancyr@world.std.com,€your€correspondent€would€Ìsend€a€message€to€you€at€Ì€Ì€€€€€internet!world.std.com!nancyr€Ì€Ì€ÌBitnet€Ì------Ì€€€€€ÌUsers€of€Bitnet€(and€NetNorth€in€Canada€and€EARN€in€Europe)€often€have€Ìaddresses€in€this€form:€IZZY@INDVMS.€€If€you're€lucky,€all€you'll€have€to€Ìdo€to€mail€to€that€address€is€add€"bitnet"€at€the€end,€to€get€Ìizzy@indvms.bitnet.€€Sometimes,€however,€mail€to€such€an€address€will€Ìbounce€back€to€you,€because€Bitnet€addresses€do€not€always€translate€well€Ìinto€an€Internet€form.€€If€this€happens,€you€can€send€mail€through€one€of€Ìtwo€Internet/Bitnet€gateways.€First,€change€the€@€in€the€address€to€a€%,€Ìso€that€you€get€username%site.bitnet.€€Then€add€either€@vm.marist.edu€or€Ì@cunyvm.cuny.edu,€so€that,€with€the€above€example,€you€would€get€Ìizzy%indyvms.bitnet@vm.marist.edu€or€izzy%indvyvms.bitnet@cunyvm.cuny.edu€Ð  .±+0 ЇBitnet€users€have€it€a€little€easier:€They€can€usually€send€mail€directly€Ìto€your€e-mail€address€without€fooling€around€with€it€at€all.€€So€send€Ìthem€your€address€and€they€should€be€OK.€Ì€Ì€ÌCompuServe€Ì----------Ì€ÌCompuServe€users€have€numerical€addresses€in€this€form:€73727,545.€ÌTo€send€mail€to€a€CompuServe€user,€change€the€comma€to€a€period€and€add€Ì"@compuserve.com";€for€example:€73727.545@compuserve.com.€ÌÌNote€that€many€CompuServe€users€must€pay€extra€to€receive€mail€from€the€ÌInternet.€ÌÌIf€you€know€CompuServe€users€who€want€to€send€you€mail,€tell€them€to€GO€ÌMAIL€and€create€a€mail€message.€In€the€address€area,€instead€of€typing€in€Ìa€CompuServe€number,€have€them€type€your€address€in€this€form:€Ì€Ì€€€€€INTERNET:YourID@YourAddress.€Ì€ÌFor€example,€INTERNET:adamg@world.std.com.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌ€ÌDelphiÌ------Ì€ÌTo€send€mail€to€a€Delphi€user,€the€form€is€username@delphi.com.€Ì€ÌFidonet€Ì-------Ì€ÌTo€send€mail€to€people€using€a€Fidonet€BBS,€you€need€the€name€they€use€to€Ìlog€onto€that€system€and€its€"node€number.''€€Fidonet€node€numbers€or€Ìaddresses€consist€of€three€numbers,€in€this€form:€1:322/190.€€The€first€Ìnumber€tells€which€of€several€broad€geographic€zones€the€BBS€is€in€(1€Ìrepresents€the€U.S.€and€Canada,€2€Europe€and€Israel,€3€Pacific€Asia,€4€ÌSouth€America).€€The€second€number€represents€the€BBS's€network,€while€Ìthe€final€number€is€the€BBS's€"FidoNode''€number€in€that€network.€If€your€Ìcorrespondent€only€gives€you€two€numbers€(for€example,€322/190),€it€means€Ìthe€system€is€in€zone€1.€€€ÌÌNow€comes€the€tricky€part.€You€have€to€reverse€the€numbers€and€add€to€Ìthem€the€letters€f,€n€and€z€(which€stand€for€"FidoNode,''"network,''€and€Ì"zone').€For€example,€the€address€above€would€become€Ì€Ì€€€€€f190.n322.z1.€Ì€ÌNow€add€"fidonet.org''€at€the€end,€to€get€f190.n322.z1.fidonet.org.€Then€Ð .°+0 Ðadd€"FirstName.LastName@',€to€get€Ì€Ì€€€€€FirstName.LastName@f190.n322.z1.fidonet.orgÌ€ÌNote€the€period€between€the€first€and€last€names.€Also,€some€countries€Ìnow€have€their€own€Fidonet€"backbone"€systems,€which€might€affect€Ìaddressing.€€For€example,€were€the€above€address€in€Germany,€you€would€Ìend€it€with€"fido.de"€instead€of€"fidonet.org."€Ì€€€€€ÌWhew!€ÌÌThe€reverse€process€is€totally€different.€First,€the€person€has€to€have€Ìaccess€to€his€or€her€BBS's€"net€mail"€area€and€know€the€Fidonet€address€Ìof€his€or€her€local€Fidonet/UUCP€gateway€(often€their€system€operator€Ìwill€know€it).€€Your€Fidonet€correspondent€should€address€a€net-mail€Ìmessage€to€UUCP€(not€your€name)€in€the€"to:"€field.€€In€the€node-number€Ìfield,€they€should€type€in€the€node€number€of€the€Fidonet/UUCP€gateway€Ì(if€the€gateway€system€is€in€the€same€regional€network€as€their€system,€Ìthey€need€only€type€the€last€number,€for€example,€390€instead€of€Ì322/390).€€Then,€the€first€line€of€the€message€has€to€be€your€Internet€Ìaddress,€followed€by€a€blank€line.€€After€that,€the€person€can€write€the€Ìmessage€and€send€it.€€ÌÌBecause€of€the€way€Fidonet€moves€mail,€it€could€take€a€day€or€two€for€a€Ìmessage€to€be€delivered€in€either€direction.€€Also,€because€many€Fidonet€Ìsystems€are€run€as€hobbies,€it€is€considered€good€form€to€ask€the€gateway€Ìsysop's€permission€if€you€intend€to€pass€large€amounts€of€mail€back€and€Ìforth.€Messages€of€a€commercial€nature€are€strictly€forbidden€(even€if€Ìit's€something€the€other€person€asked€for).€Also,€consider€it€very€likely€Ìthat€somebody€other€than€the€recipient€will€read€your€messages.€Ì€Ì€ÌGEnie€€Ì-----ÌÌTo€send€mail€to€a€GEnie€user,€add€"@genie.geis.com"€to€the€end€of€the€ÌGEnie€user€name,€for€example:€walt@genie.geis.com.€Ì€ÌMCIMail€Ì-------Ì€ÌTo€send€mail€to€somebody€with€an€MCIMail€account,€add€"@mcimail.com€to€Ìthe€end€of€their€name€or€numerical€address.€For€example:€Ì€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€555-1212@mcimail.com€Ì€Ìor€Ì€€€€€Ì€€€€€jsmith@mcimail.com€Ð .°+0 ЀÌNote€that€if€there€is€more€than€one€MCIMail€subscriber€with€that€name,€Ìyou€will€get€a€mail€message€back€from€MCI€giving€you€their€names€and€Ìnumerical€addresses.€You'll€then€have€to€figure€out€which€one€you€want€Ìand€re-send€the€message.€Ì€ÌFrom€MCI,€a€user€would€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€Your€Name€(EMS)€Ì€Ìat€the€"To:"€prompt.€€At€the€EMS€prompt,€he€or€she€would€type€Ì€Ì€€€€internet€Ì€Ìfollowed€by€your€Net€address€at€the€"Mbx:"€prompt.€Ì€ÌProdigy€Ì-------€Ì€€€€€ÌUserID@prodigy.com.€€Note€that€Prodigy€users€must€pay€extra€for€ÌInternet€e-mail.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡` Ôò ò2.6€€SEVEN€UNIX€COMMANDS€YOU€CAN'T€LIVE€WITHOUTó óÔ%†`SìÔÐ Gï ÐÌ€ÌIf€you€connect€to€the€Net€through€a€Unix€system,€eventually€you'll€have€Ìto€come€to€terms€with€Unix.€€For€better€or€worse,€most€Unix€systems€do€ÌNOT€shield€you€from€their€inner€workings€--€if€you€want€to€copy€a€Usenet€Ìposting€to€a€file,€for€example,€you'll€have€to€use€some€Unix€commands€if€Ìyou€ever€want€to€do€anything€with€that€file.€ÌÌLike€MS-DOS,€Unix€is€an€operating€system€-€it€tells€the€computer€how€to€Ìdo€things.€€Now€while€Unix€may€have€a€reputation€as€being€even€more€Ìcomplex€than€MS-DOS,€in€most€cases,€a€few€basic,€and€simple,€commands€Ìshould€be€all€you'll€ever€need.€ÌÌIf€your€own€computer€uses€MS-DOS€or€PC-DOS,€the€basic€concepts€will€seem€Ìvery€familiar€--€but€watch€out€for€the€cd€command,€which€works€Ìdifferently€enough€from€the€similarly€named€DOS€command€that€it€will€Ìdrive€you€crazy.€€Also,€unlike€MS-DOS,€Unix€is€case€sensitive€--€if€you€Ìtype€commands€or€directory€names€in€the€wrong€case,€you'll€get€an€error€Ìmessage.€ÌÌIf€you're€used€to€working€on€a€Mac,€you'll€have€to€remember€that€Unix€Ìstores€files€in€"directories"€rather€than€"folders."€€Unix€directories€Ìare€organized€like€branches€on€a€tree.€At€the€bottom€is€the€"root"€Ìdirectory,€with€sub-directories€branching€off€that€(and€sub-directories€Ìin€turn€can€have€sub-directories).€The€Mac€equivalent€of€a€Unix€sub-Ð  .±+0 Ðdirectory€is€a€folder€within€another€folder.€Ì€Ìcat€€€€€€€€€€€ROUGHLY€Equivalent€to€the€MS-DOS€"type"€command.€€To€pause€a€file€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€every€screen,€typè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€cat€file€|morè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€where€"file"€is€the€name€of€the€file€you€want€to€see€(and€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|€is€the€thing€that€looks€like€an€overgrown€colon).€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Hitting€control-C€will€stop€the€display.€€Alternately,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€could€typeÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€more€fileÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€to€achieve€the€same€result.€You€can€also€use€cat€for€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€writing€or€uploading€text€files€to€your€name€or€home€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€directory€(similar€to€the€MS-DOS€"copy€con"€command).€€If€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€typè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€cat>test̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€start€a€file€called€"test."€€You€can€either€write€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€something€simple€(no€editing€once€you've€finished€a€line€andÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€have€to€hit€return€at€the€end€of€each€line)€or€uploadÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€something€into€that€file€using€your€communications€software'sÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ASCII€protocol).€€To€close€the€file,€hit€control-D.Ì€Ìcd€€€€€€€€€€€€The€"change€directory"€command.€€To€change€from€your€present€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€directory€to€another,€typè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€cd€directorỳ̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€hit€enter.€Unlike€MS-DOS,€which€uses€a€\€to€denote€sub-Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€directories€(for€example:€\stuff\text),€Unix€uses€a€/€(for€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€example:€/stuff/text).€€So€to€change€from€your€present€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€directory€to€the€stuff/text€sub-directory,€€you€would€type€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€cd€stuff/text̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€then€hit€enter.€As€in€MS-DOS,€you€do€not€need€the€first€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€backslash€if€the€subdirectory€comes€off€the€directory€you're€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€already€in.€€To€move€back€up€a€directory€tree,€you€would€typeÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€cd€..̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€followed€by€enter.€Note€the€space€between€the€cd€and€the€two€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€periods€--€this€is€where€MS-DOS€users€will€really€go€nuts.Ì€Ìcp€€€€€€€€€€€€Copies€a€file.€The€syntax€isÐ .°+0 Ѐ̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€cp€file1€file2̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€which€would€copy€file1€to€file2€(or€overwrite€file2€with€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€file1).Ì€Ìls€€€€€€€€€€€€This€command,€when€followed€by€enter,€tells€you€what's€in€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€directory,€similar€to€the€DOS€dir€command,€except€in€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€alphabetical€order.Ì€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ls€|€more€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€will€stop€the€listing€every€24€lines€--€handy€if€there€are€a€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€lot€of€things€in€the€directory.€The€basic€ls€command€does€not€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€list€"hidden"€files,€such€as€the€.login€file€that€controls€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€how€your€system€interacts€with€Unix.€To€see€these€files,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ls€-a€€€€€€or€€€€ls€-a€|€morè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€ls€-l€will€tell€you€the€size€of€each€file€in€bytes€and€tell€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€when€each€was€created€or€modified.€Ì€Ìmv€€€€€€€€€€€€Similar€to€the€MS-DOS€rename€AND€MOVE€commands.̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€mv€file1€file2̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€will€rename€file1€as€file2,€The€command€can€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€also€be€used€to€move€files€between€directories.̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€mv€file1€News̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€would€move€file1€to€your€News€directory.Ì€Ìrm€€€€€€€€€€€€Deletes€a€file.€€Typè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€rm€filenamè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€hit€enter€(but€beware:€when€you€hit€enter,€it's€gone€forÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€good).Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌWILDCARDS:€€When€searching€for,€copying€or€deleting€files,€you€can€use€Ì"wildcards"€if€you€are€not€sure€of€the€file's€exact€name.€Ì€Ì€€€€€ls€man*̀̀Ìwould€find€the€following€files:̀̀€€€€manual,€manual.txt,€man-o-man.Ð .°+0 ЀÌUse€a€question€mark€when€you're€sure€about€all€but€one€or€two€characters.€€ÌFor€example,€Ì€Ì€€€€€ls€man?Ì€Ìwould€find€a€file€called€mane,€but€not€one€called€manual.Ì€ÌÌÔ% ‡b Ôò ò2.7€€WHEN€THINGS€GO€WRONG€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ó óÔ%†b;ÔÐ ‰ 1  Ѐ̀€€€€Ì*€You€send€a€message€but€get€back€an€ominous€looking€message€from€ÌMAILER-DAEMON€containing€up€to€several€dozen€lines€of€computerese€Ìfollowed€by€your€message.€€ÌÌSomewhere€in€those€lines€you€can€often€find€a€clue€to€what€went€Ìwrong.€€You€might€have€made€a€mistake€in€spelling€the€e-mail€address.€€ÌThe€site€to€which€you're€sending€mail€might€have€been€down€for€Ìmaintenance€or€a€problem.€You€may€have€used€the€wrong€"translation"€for€Ìmail€to€a€non-Internet€network.€ÌÌ*€You€call€up€your€host€system's€text€editor€to€write€a€message€or€reply€Ìto€one€and€can't€seem€to€get€out.€€ÌÌIf€it's€emacs,€try€control-X,€control-C€DELETE(in€other€words,€hit€your€Ìcontrol€key€and€your€X€key€at€the€same€time,€followed€by€control€and€C).€€ÌIf€worse€comes€to€worse,€you€can€hang€up.€ÌÌ*€In€elm,€you€accidentally€hit€the€D€key€for€a€message€you€want€to€save.€€ÌÌType€the€number€of€the€message,€hit€enter€and€then€U,€which€will€"un-Ìdelete"€the€message.€€This€works€only€before€you€exit€Elm;€once€you€quit,€Ìthe€message€is€gone.€ÌÌ*€You€try€to€upload€an€ASCII€message€you've€written€on€your€own€computer€Ìinto€a€message€you're€preparing€in€Elm€or€Pine€and€you€get€a€lot€of€left€Ìbrackets,€capital€Ms,€Ks€and€Ls€and€some€funny-looking€characters.€€ÌÌBelieve€it€or€not,€your€message€may€actually€wind€up€looking€fine;€all€Ìthat€garbage€is€temporary€and€reflects€the€problems€some€Unix€text€Ìprocessors€have€with€ASCII€uploads.€€But€it€will€take€much€longer€for€Ìyour€upload€to€finish.€€One€way€to€deal€with€this€is€to€call€up€the€Ìsimple€mail€program,€which€will€not€produce€any€weird€characters€when€you€Ìupload€a€text€file€into€a€message.€€Another€way€(which€is€better€if€your€Ìprepared€message€is€a€response€to€somebody's€mail),€is€to€create€a€text€Ìfile€on€your€host€system€with€cat,€for€example,€Ì€Ì€€€€€cat>fileÐ  .±+0 ЀÌand€then€upload€your€text€into€that.€€Then,€in€elm€or€pine,€you€can€Ìinsert€the€message€with€a€simple€command€(control-R€in€pine,€for€Ìexample);€only€this€time€you€won't€see€all€that€extraneous€stuff.€Ì€€€€€Ì*€€You€haven't€cleared€out€your€Elm€mailbox€in€awhile,€and€you€Ìaccidentally€hit€"y"€when€you€meant€to€hit€"n"€(or€vice-versa)€when€Ìexiting€and€now€all€your€messages€have€disappeared.ÌÌThe€system€has€put€all€the€messages€in€a€file€called€received€in€your€ÌMail€directory.€€To€get€to€the€messages,€call€up€Elm€again,€and€hit€your€Ìc€key.€€You'll€be€asked€which€folder€to€change€to.€€Type€ÌÌ€€€€€=receivedÌÌand€hit€enter.€€You'll€be€prompted€as€if€you're€about€to€exit€Elm;€when€Ìdone€answering€the€questions,€you'll€get€a€menu€of€messages€in€your€Ìreceive€folder.€€You€can€reply€to€them,€delete€them,€etc.,€as€you€would€Ìnormally.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  Á ÐÔ% € Ôò òChapter€3:€USENET€Ió óÐ X ЀÌÌÌÔ% ‡d Ôò ò3.1€€THE€GLOBAL€WATERING€HOLEó óÔ%†dj ÔÐ ý¥ ÐÌÌImagine€a€conversation€carried€out€over€a€period€of€hours€and€days,€as€if€Ìpeople€were€leaving€messages€and€responses€on€a€bulletin€board.€€Or€Ìimagine€the€electronic€equivalent€of€a€radio€talk€show€where€everybody€Ìcan€put€their€two€cents€in€and€no€one€is€ever€on€hold.€ÌÌUnlike€e-mail,€which€is€usually€"one-to-one,"€€Usenet€is€"many-to-many."€ÌUsenet€is€the€international€meeting€place,€where€people€gather€to€meet€Ìtheir€friends,€discuss€the€day's€events,€keep€up€with€computer€trends€or€Ìtalk€about€whatever's€on€their€mind.€€Jumping€into€a€Usenet€discussion€Ìcan€be€a€liberating€experience.€€Nobody€knows€what€you€look€or€sound€Ìlike,€how€old€you€are,€what€your€background€is.€€You're€judged€solely€on€Ìyour€words,€your€ability€to€make€a€point.€ÌÌTo€many€people,€Usenet€IS€the€Net.€In€fact,€it€is€often€confused€with€ÌInternet.€€But€it€is€a€totally€separate€system.€All€Internet€sites€CAN€Ìcarry€Usenet,€but€so€do€many€non-Internet€sites,€from€sophisticated€Unix€Ìmachines€to€simple€bulletin-board€systems€running€on€old€XT€clones€and€ÌApple€IIs.€ÌÌTechnically,€Usenet€messages€are€shipped€around€the€world,€from€host€Ìsystem€to€host€system,€using€one€of€several€specific€Net€protocols.€€Your€Ìhost€system€stores€all€of€its€Usenet€messages€in€one€place,€which€Ìeverybody€with€an€account€on€the€system€can€access.€That€way,€no€matter€Ìhow€many€people€actually€read€a€given€message,€each€host€system€has€to€Ìstore€only€one€copy€of€it.€Many€host€systems€"talk"€with€several€others€Ìregularly€to€exchange€messages€in€case€one€or€another€of€their€links€goes€Ìdown€for€some€reason.€€When€two€host€systems€connect,€they€basically€Ìcompare€notes€on€which€Usenet€messages€they€already€have.€€Any€that€one€Ìis€missing€the€other€then€transmits,€and€vice-versa.€€Because€they€are€Ìcomputers,€they€don't€mind€running€through€thousands,€even€millions,€of€Ìthese€comparisons€every€day.€ÌÌYes,€millions.€€For€Usenet€is€huge.€€Every€day,€Usenet€users€pump€upwards€Ìof€100€million€characters€a€day€into€the€system€--€nearly€an€Ìencyclopedia's€worth€of€writing.€Obviously,€nobody€could€possibly€keep€up€Ìwith€this€immense€flow€of€messages.€€Let's€look€at€how€to€find€Ìconferences€and€discussions€of€interest€to€you.€ÌÌThe€basic€building€block€of€Usenet€is€the€newsgroup,€which€is€a€Ìcollection€of€messages€with€a€related€theme€(on€other€networks,€these€Ìwould€be€called€conferences,€forums,€bboards€or€special-interest€groups).€€ÌThere€are€now€more€than€9,000€of€these€newsgroups,€in€several€diferent€Ð  .²+0 Ðlanguages,€covering€everything€from€art€to€zoology,€from€science€fiction€Ìto€South€Africa€(not€all€systems€carry€all€newsgroups,€however).€ÌÌSome€public-access€systems,€typically€the€ones€that€work€through€menus,€Ìtry€to€make€it€easier€by€dividing€Usenet€into€several€broad€categories.€€ÌChoose€one€of€those€and€you're€given€a€list€of€newsgroups€in€that€Ìcategory.€€Then€select€the€newsgroup€you're€interested€in€and€start€Ìreading.€ÌÌOther€systems€let€you€compile€your€own€"reading€list"€so€that€you€only€Ìsee€messages€in€conferences€you€want.€€In€both€cases,€conferences€are€Ìarranged€in€a€particular€hierarchy€devised€in€the€early€1980s.€€Newsgroup€Ìnames€start€with€one€of€a€series€of€broad€topic€names.€€For€example,€Ìnewsgroups€beginning€with€"comp."€are€about€computer-related€topics.€€ÌThese€broad€topics€are€followed€by€a€series€of€more€focused€topics€(so€Ìthat€"comp.unix"€groups€are€limited€to€discussion€about€Unix).€€The€main€Ìhierarchies€are:€Ì€Ì€€€€€bionet€€€€€€€€€€Research€biologyÌ€€€€€bit.listserv€€€€Conferences€originating€as€Bitnet€mailing€listsÌ€€€€€biz€€€€€€€€€€€€€BusinessÌ€€€€€comp€€€€€€€€€€€€Computers€and€related€subjectsÌ€€€€€misc€€€€€€€€€€€€Discussions€that€don't€fit€anywhere€elseÌ€€€€€news€€€€€€€€€€€€News€about€Usenet€itselfÌ€€€€€rec€€€€€€€€€€€€€Hobbies,€games€and€recreationÌ€€€€€sci€€€€€€€€€€€€€Science€other€than€research€biologyÌ€€€€€soc€€€€€€€€€€€€€"Social"€groups,€often€ethnically€relatedÌ€€€€€talk€€€€€€€€€€€€Politics€and€related€topicsÌ€€€€€alt€€€€€€€€€€€€€Controversial€or€unusual€topics;€notÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€carried€by€all€sitesÌ€ÌIn€addition,€many€host€systems€carry€newsgroups€for€a€particular€city,€Ìstate€or€region.€€For€example,€ne.housing€is€a€newsgroup€where€New€ÌEnglanders€can€look€for€apartments.€€A€growing€number€also€carry€K12€Ìnewsgroups,€which€are€aimed€at€elementary€and€secondary€teachers€and€Ìstudents.€€And€a€number€of€sites€carry€clari€newsgroups,€which€is€Ìactually€a€commercial€service€consisting€of€wire-service€stories€and€a€Ìunique€online€computer€news€service€(more€on€this€in€chapter€11).€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡f Ôò ò3.2€NAVIGATING€USENET€WITH€nnó óÔ%†f¢ÔÐ À&h$( ÐÌÌHow€do€you€dive€right€in?€€As€mentioned,€on€some€systems,€it's€all€done€Ìthrough€menus€--€you€just€keep€choosing€from€a€list€of€choices€until€you€Ìget€to€the€newsgroup€you€want€and€then€hit€the€"read"€command.€€On€Unix€Ìsystems,€however,€you€will€have€to€use€a€"newsreader"€program.€€Two€of€Ìthe€more€common€ones€are€known€as€rn€(for€"read€news")€and€nn€(for€"no€Ìnews"€--€because€it's€supposed€to€be€simpler€to€use).€Ð  .±+0 ЇFor€beginners,€nn€may€be€the€better€choice€because€it€works€with€menus€--€Ìyou€get€a€list€of€articles€in€a€given€newsgroup€and€then€you€choose€which€Ìones€you€want€to€see.€€To€try€it€out,€connect€to€your€host€system€and,€at€Ìthe€command€line,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€nn€news.announce.newusersÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€After€a€few€seconds,€you€should€see€something€like€this:€Ì€ÌNewsgroup:€news.announce.newusers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Articles:€22€of€22/1€NEW€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìa€Gene€Spafford€€€776€€Answers€to€Frequently€Asked€Questions€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìb€Gene€Spafford€€€362€€A€Primer€on€How€to€Work€With€the€Usenet€Community€€€€€€€Ìc€Gene€Spafford€€€387€€Emily€Postnews€Answers€Your€Questions€on€Netiquette€€€€€Ìd€Gene€Spafford€€€101€€Hints€on€writing€style€for€Usenet€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìe€Gene€Spafford€€€€74€€Introduction€to€news.announce€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìf€Gene€Spafford€€€367€€USENET€Software:€History€and€Sources€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìg€Gene€Spafford€€€353€€What€is€Usenet?€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìh€taylor€€€€€€€€€€241€€A€Guide€to€Social€Newsgroups€and€Mailing€Lists€€€€€€€€€€Ìi€Gene€Spafford€€€585€€Alternative€Newsgroup€Hierarchies,€Part€I€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìj€Gene€Spafford€€€455€€>Alternative€Newsgroup€Hierarchies,€Part€II€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìk€David€C€Lawrenc€151€€How€to€Create€a€New€Newsgroup€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìl€Gene€Spafford€€€106€€How€to€Get€Information€about€Networks€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìm€Gene€Spafford€€€888€€List€of€Active€Newsgroups€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìn€Gene€Spafford€€€504€€List€of€Moderators€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìo€Gene€Spafford€€1051€€Publicly€Accessible€Mailing€Lists,€Part€I€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìp€Gene€Spafford€€1123€€Publicly€Accessible€Mailing€Lists,€Part€II€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìq€Gene€Spafford€€1193€€>Publicly€Accessible€Mailing€Lists,€Part€III€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìr€Jonathan€Kamens€644€€How€to€become€a€USENET€site€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìs€Jonathan€Kamen€1344€€List€of€Periodic€Informational€Postings,€Part€I€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì--€15:52€--€SELECT€--€help:?€-----Top€85%-----€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌExplanatory€postings€for€new€users.€(Moderated)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌObviously,€this€is€a€good€newsgroup€to€begin€your€exploration€of€Usenet!€€ÌHere's€what€all€this€means:€€The€first€letter€on€each€line€is€the€letter€Ìyou€type€to€read€that€particular€"article"€(it€makes€sense€that€a€Ì"newsgroup"€would€have€"articles").€€Next€comes€the€name€of€the€person€Ìwho€wrote€that€article,€followed€by€its€length,€in€lines,€and€what€the€Ìarticle€is€about.€At€the€bottom,€you€see€the€local€time€at€your€access€Ìsite,€what€you're€doing€right€now€(i.e.,€SELECTing€articles),€which€key€Ìto€hit€for€some€help€(the€?€key)€and€how€many€of€the€articles€in€the€Ìnewsgroup€you€can€see€on€this€screen.€The€"(moderated)"€means€the€Ìnewsgroup€has€a€"moderator"€who€is€the€only€one€who€can€directly€post€Ìmessages€to€it.€€This€is€generally€limited€to€groups€such€as€this,€which€Ìcontain€articles€of€basic€information,€or€for€digests,€which€are€Ìbasically€online€magazines€(more€on€them€in€a€bit).€ÌÌSay€you're€particularly€interested€in€what€"Emily€Postnews"€has€to€say€Ð .°+0 Ðabout€proper€etiquette€on€Usenet.€Hit€your€c€key€(lower€case!),€and€the€Ìline€will€light€up.€€If€you€want€to€read€something€else,€hit€the€key€that€Ìcorresponds€to€it.€€And€if€you€want€to€see€what's€on€the€next€page€of€Ìarticles,€hit€return€or€your€space€bar.€ÌÌBut€you're€impatient€to€get€going,€and€you€want€to€read€that€article€now.€€ÌThe€command€for€that€in€nn€is€a€capital€Z.€€Hit€it€and€you'll€see€Ìsomething€like€this:€Ì€Ì€ÌGene€Spafford:€Emily€Postnews€Answers€Your€Questions€on€NetiquetteSep€92€04:17€ÌOriginal-author:€brad@looking.on.ca€(Brad€Templeton)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌArchive-name:€emily-postnews/part1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌLast-change:€30€Nov€91€by€brad@looking.on.ca€(Brad€Templeton)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€NOTE:€this€is€intended€to€be€satirical.€€If€you€do€not€recognize€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€it€as€such,€consult€a€doctor€or€professional€comedian.€€The€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€recommendations€in€this€article€should€recognized€for€what€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€they€are€--€admonitions€about€what€NOT€to€do.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"Dear€Emily€Postnews"€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€Emily€Postnews,€foremost€authority€on€proper€net€behaviour,€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€gives€her€advice€on€how€to€act€on€the€net.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì=====================================================================¼=======€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌDear€Miss€Postnews:€How€long€should€my€signature€be?€--€verbose@noisy€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌA:€Dear€Verbose:€Please€try€and€make€your€signature€as€long€as€you€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì--€09:57€--.announce.newusers--€LAST€--help:?--Top€4%--€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌThe€first€few€lines€are€the€message's€header,€similar€to€the€header€you€Ìget€in€e-mail€messages.€€Then€comes€the€beginning€of€the€message.€€The€Ìlast€line€tells€you€the€time€again,€the€newsgroup€name€(or€part€of€it,€Ìanyway),€the€position€in€your€message€stack€that€this€message€occupies,€Ìhow€to€get€help,€and€how€much€of€the€message€is€on€screen.€€If€you€want€Ìto€keep€reading€this€message,€just€hit€your€space€bar€(not€your€enter€Ìkey!)€for€the€next€screen€and€so€on€until€done.€When€done,€you'll€be€Ìreturned€to€the€newsgroup€menu.€€For€now€hit€Q€(upper€case€this€time),€Ìwhich€quits€you€out€of€nn€and€returns€you€to€your€host€system's€command€Ìline.€ÌÌTo€get€a€look€at€another€interesting€newsgroup,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€nn€comp.risksÐ .°+0 ЀÌand€hit€enter.€€This€newsgroup€is€another€moderated€group,€this€time€a€Ìdigest€of€all€the€funny€and€frightening€ways€computers€and€the€people€who€Ìrun€and€use€them€can€go€wrong.€€Again,€you€read€articles€by€selecting€Ìtheir€letters.€€If€you're€in€the€middle€of€an€article€and€decide€you€want€Ìto€go€onto€the€next€one,€hit€your€n€key.€Ì€€€€€ÌNow€it's€time€to€look€for€some€newsgroups€that€might€be€of€particular€Ìinterest€to€you.€€Unix€host€systems€that€have€nn€use€a€program€called€Ìnngrep€(ever€get€the€feeling€Unix€was€not€entirely€written€in€English?)€Ìthat€lets€you€scan€newsgroups.€€Exit€nn€and€at€your€host€system's€command€Ìline,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€nngrep€wordÌ€Ìwhere€word€is€the€subject€you're€interested€in.€€If€you€use€a€Macintosh€Ìcomputer,€you€might€trỳ̀€€€€nngrep€macÌ€ÌYou'll€get€something€that€looks€like€this:̀̀€€€€alt.music.machines.of.loving.graceÌ€€€€€alt.religion.emacsÌ€€€€€comp.binaries.macÌ€€€€€comp.emacsÌ€€€€€comp.lang.forth.macÌ€€€€€comp.os.machÌ€€€€€comp.sources.macÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.announceÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.appsÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.commÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.databasesÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.digestÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.gamesÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.hardwareÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.hypercardÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.miscÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.programmerÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.systemÌ€€€€€comp.sys.mac.wantedÌ€€€€€gnu.emacs.announceÌ€€€€€gnu.emacs.bugÌ€€€€€gnu.emacs.gnewsÌ€€€€€gnu.emacs.gnusÌ€€€€€gnu.emacs.helpÌ€€€€€gnu.emacs.lisp.manualÌ€€€€€gnu.emacs.sourcesÌ€€€€€gnu.emacs.vm.bugÐ 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Ѐ€€€€gnu.emacs.vm.infoÌ€€€€€gnu.emacs.vmsÌ€ÌNote€that€some€of€these€obviously€have€something€to€do€with€Macintoshes€Ìwhile€some€obviously€do€not;€nngrep€is€not€a€perfect€system.€€If€you€want€Ìto€get€a€list€of€ALL€the€newsgroups€available€on€your€host€system,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€nngrep€-a€|moreÌ€ÌorÌÌ€€€€€nngrep€-a€|pgÌ€Ìand€hit€enter€(which€one€to€use€depends€on€the€Unix€used€on€your€host€Ìsystem;€if€one€doesn't€do€anything,€try€the€other).€You€don't€absolutely€Ìneed€the€|more€or€|pg,€but€if€you€don't€include€it,€the€list€will€keep€Ìscrolling,€rather€than€pausing€every€24€lines.€€If€you€are€in€nn,€hitting€Ìa€capital€Y€will€bring€up€a€similar€list.€ÌÌTyping€"nn€newsgroup"€for€every€newsgroup€can€get€awfully€tiring€after€Ìawhile.€€When€you€use€nn,€your€host€system€looks€in€a€file€called€Ì.newsrc.€€This€is€basically€a€list€of€every€newsgroup€on€the€host€system€Ìalong€with€notations€on€which€groups€and€articles€you€have€read€(all€Ìmaintained€by€the€computer).€€You€can€also€use€this€file€to€create€a€Ì"reading€list"€that€brings€up€each€newsgroup€to€which€you€want€to€Ì"subscribe."€€To€try€it€out,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€nnÌ€Ìwithout€any€newsgroup€name,€and€hit€enter.€€Ì€€€€€ÌUnfortunately,€you€will€start€out€with€a€.newsrc€file€that€has€you€Ì"subscribed"€to€every€single€newsgroup€on€your€host€system!€€To€delete€a€Ìnewsgroup€from€your€reading€list,€type€a€capital€U€while€its€menu€is€on€Ìthe€screen.€€The€computer€will€ask€you€if€you're€sure€you€want€to€Ì"unsubscribe."€€If€you€then€hit€a€Y,€you'll€be€unsubscribed€and€put€in€Ìthe€next€group.€ÌÌWith€many€host€systems€carrying€thousands€of€newsgroups,€this€will€take€Ìyou€forever.€€ÌÌFortunately,€there€are€a€couple€of€easier€ways€to€do€this.€€Both€involve€Ìcalling€up€your€.newsrc€file€in€a€word€or€text€processor.€€In€a€.newsrc€Ìfile,€each€newsgroup€takes€up€one€line,€consisting€of€the€group's€name,€Ìan€exclamation€point€or€a€colon€and€a€range€of€numbers.€€Newsgroups€with€Ìa€colon€are€ones€to€which€you€are€subscribed;€those€followed€by€an€Ìexclamation€point€are€"un-subscribed."€€To€start€with€a€clean€slate,€Ìthen,€you€have€to€change€all€those€colons€to€exclamation€points.€ÌÐ .°+0 ÐIf€you€know€how€to€use€emacs€or€vi,€call€up€the€.newsrc€file€(you€might€Ìwant€to€make€a€copy€of€.newsrc€first,€just€in€case),€and€use€the€search-Ìand-replace€function€to€make€the€change.€ÌÌIf€you're€not€comfortable€with€these€text€processor,€you€can€download€the€Ì.newsrc€file,€make€the€changes€on€your€own€computer€and€then€upload€the€Ìrevised€file.€€Before€you€download€the€file,€however,€you€should€do€a€Ìcouple€of€things.€€One€is€to€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€cp€.newsrc€temprcÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You€will€actually€download€this€temprc€file€(note€the€Ìname€does€not€start€with€a€period€--€some€computers,€such€as€those€using€ÌMS-DOS,€do€not€allow€file€names€starting€with€periods).€€After€you€Ìdownload€the€file,€open€it€in€your€favorite€word€processor€and€use€its€Ìsearch-and-replace€function€to€change€the€exclamation€points€to€colons.€ÌBe€careful€not€to€change€anything€else!€€Save€the€document€in€ASCII€or€Ìtext€format.€€Dial€back€into€your€host€system.€€At€the€command€line,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€cp€temprc€temprc1Ì€Ìand€hit€enter.€€This€new€file€will€serve€as€your€backup€.newsrc€file€Ìjust€in€case€something€goes€wrong.€Upload€the€temprc€file€from€your€Ìcomputer.€€This€will€overwrite€the€Unix€system's€old€temprc€file.€€Now€Ìtype€Ì€Ì€€€€€cp€temprc€.newsrcÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You€now€have€a€clean€slate€to€start€creating€a€reading€Ìlist.ÌÌThe€first€time€you€go€into€a€newsgroup,€there€could€be€dozens,€even€Ìhundreds€of€articles.€€If€you€want€to€start€from€scratch,€hit€a€capital€ÌJ.€€This€will€mark€all€the€articles€in€that€newsgroup€as€"read,"€so€that€Ìthe€next€time€you€enter€the€conference,€you€will€only€see€messages€posted€Ìsince€the€last€time€you€were€there.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡h Ôò ò3.3€€nn€COMMANDSó óÔ%†h NÔÐ î$–"& ÐÌ€ÌTo€mark€a€specific€article€for€reading,€type€the€letter€next€to€it€(in€lower€Ìcase).€€To€mark€a€specific€article€and€all€of€its€responses,€type€the€letter€Ìand€an€asterisk,€for€example:€Ì€Ì€€€€€a*€Ì€ÌTo€un-select€an€article,€type€the€letter€next€to€it€(again,€in€lower€case).€Ì€Ð  .±+0 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ÐÌÌSome€folks€prefer€this€older€newsreader.€€If€you€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€rn€news.announce.newusersÌ€Ìat€your€host€system's€command€line,€you'll€see€something€like€this:̀̀€€€********€€21€unread€articles€in€news.announce.newusers--read€now?€[ynq]Ì€ÌIf€you€hit€your€Y€key,€the€first€article€will€appear€on€your€screen.€€If€Ìyou€want€to€see€what€articles€are€available€first,€though,€hit€your€Ìcomputer's€=€key€and€you'll€get€something€like€this:̀̀€€€€152€Introduction€to€news.announce€€€€Ì€€€€€153€A€Primer€on€How€to€Work€With€the€Usenet€Community€€€Ì€€€€€154€What€is€Usenet?Ì€€€€€155€Answers€to€Frequently€Asked€Questions€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€156€Hints€on€writing€style€for€Usenet€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€158€Alternative€Newsgroup€Hierarchies,€Part€I€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€159€Alternative€Newsgroup€Hierarchies,€Part€II€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€160€Emily€Postnews€Answers€Your€Questions€on€Netiquette€€€€€€Ì€€€€€161€USENET€Software:€History€and€Sources€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€162€A€Guide€to€Social€Newsgroups€and€Mailing€Lists€€€€€€€€€€€Ð  .±+0 Ѐ€€€€163€How€to€Get€Information€about€Networks€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€164€How€to€Create€a€New€Newsgroup€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€165€List€of€Active€Newsgroups€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€166€List€of€Moderators€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€169€Publicly€Accessible€Mailing€Lists,€Part€I€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€170€Publicly€Accessible€Mailing€Lists,€Part€II€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€171€Publicly€Accessible€Mailing€Lists,€Part€III€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€172€How€to€become€a€USENET€site€€€€€€Ì€€€€€173€List€of€Periodic€Informational€Postings,€Part€I€€€€€Ì€€€€€174€List€of€Periodic€Informational€Postings,€Part€II€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€175€List€of€Periodic€Informational€Postings,€Part€IIIÌ€€€€End€of€article€158€(of€178)--what€next?€[npq]€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌNotice€how€the€messages€are€in€numerical€order€this€time,€and€don't€tell€Ìyou€who€sent€them.€€Article€154€looks€interesting.€€To€read€it,€type€in€Ì154€and€hit€enter.€€You'll€see€something€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€Article€154€(20€more)€in€news.announce.newusers€(moderated):Ì€€€From:€spaf@cs.purdue.EDU€(Gene€Spafford)Ì€€€Newsgroups:€news.announce.newusers,news.admin,news.answersÌ€€€Subject:€What€is€Usenet?Ì€€€Date:€20€Sep€92€04:17:26€GMTÌ€€€Followup-To:€news.newusers.questions€€€€Ì€€€Organization:€Dept.€of€Computer€Sciences,€Purdue€Univ.Ì€€€Lines:€353€€€€€€Ì€€€Supersedes:€Ì€Ì€€€Archive-name:€what-is-usenet/part1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€Original€from:€chip@tct.com€(Chip€Salzenberg)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€Last-change:€19€July€1992€by€spaf@cs.purdue.edu€(Gene€Spafford)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€The€first€thing€to€understand€about€Usenet€is€that€it€is€widelyÌ€€€misunderstood.€€Every€day€on€Usenet,€the€"blind€men€and€the€elephant"Ì€€€phenomenon€is€evident,€in€spades.€€In€my€opinion,€more€flame€warsÌ€€€arise€because€of€a€lack€of€understanding€of€the€nature€of€Usenet€thanÌ€€€from€any€other€source.€€And€consider€that€such€flame€wars€arise,€ofÌ€€€necessity,€among€people€who€are€on€Usenet.€€Imagine,€then,€how€poorlyÌ€€€understood€Usenet€must€be€by€those€outside!Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€--MORE--(7%)Ì€ÌThis€time,€the€header€looks€much€more€like€the€gobbledygook€you€get€in€e-Ìmail€messages.€€To€keep€reading,€hit€your€space€bar.€€If€you€hit€your€n€Ìkey€(lower€case),€you'll€go€to€the€next€message€in€the€numerical€order.€ÌÌTo€escape€rn,€just€keep€hitting€your€q€key€(in€lower€case),€until€you€get€Ìback€to€the€command€line.€€Now€let's€set€up€your€reading€list.€€Because€Ìrn€uses€the€same€.newsrc€file€as€nn,€you€can€use€one€of€the€search-and-Ð 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Ðreplace€methods€described€above.€€Or€you€can€do€this:€€Type€Ì€Ì€€€€€rnÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€When€the€first€newsgroup€comes€up€on€your€screen,€hit€Ìyour€u€key€(in€lower€case).€€Hit€it€again,€and€again,€and€again.€€Or€just€Ìkeep€it€pressed€down€(if€your€computer€starts€beeping,€let€up€for€a€Ìcouple€of€seconds).€€Eventually,€you'll€be€told€you're€at€the€end€of€the€Ìnewsgroups,€and€asked€what€you€want€to€do€next.€€Ì€€€€€ÌHere's€where€you€begin€entering€newsgroups.€€Type€Ì€Ì€€€€g€newsgroupÌÌfor€example,€g€comp.sys.mac.announce)€and€hit€enter.€€You'll€be€asked€Ìif€you€want€to€"subscribe."€Hit€your€y€key.€€Now€you'll€be€asked€where€Ìto€put€the€newsgroup.€€If€you€want€it€up€high€in€your€reading€list,€type€Ìa€number€(1,€for€example,€would€put€the€list€at€the€very€top€of€your€Ìlist);€otherwise,€hit€a€$€(yep).€Then€typè̀€€€g€next€newsgroupÌ€Ì(for€example,€g€comp.announce.newusers)€and€hit€enter.€€Repeat€until€Ìdone.€€This€process€will€also€set€up€your€reading€list€for€nn,€if€you€Ìprefer€that€newsreader.€But€how€do€you€know€which€newsgroups€to€Ìsubscribe?€€Typing€a€lowercase€l€and€then€hitting€enter€will€show€you€a€Ìlist€of€all€available€newsgroups.€€Again,€since€there€could€be€more€than€Ì2,000€newsgroups€on€your€system,€this€might€not€be€something€you€want€to€Ìdo.€€Fortunately,€you€can€search€for€groups€with€particular€words€in€Ìtheir€names,€using€the€l€command.€€Typing€Ì€Ì€€€€€l€macÌ€Ìfollowed€by€enter,€will€bring€up€a€list€of€newsgroups€with€those€letters€Ìin€them€(and€as€in€nn,€you€will€also€see€groups€dealing€with€emacs€and€Ìthe€like,€in€addition€to€groups€related€to€Macintosh€computers).€If€you€Ìfind€what€you€want,€but€the€list€looks€like€it€will€keep€going€on€for€Ìawhile,€hit€your€q€key€until€you€get€back€to€the€normal€rn€prompts€Ì(normally,€this€will€only€be€one€or€two€q's).ÌÌbecause€of€the€vast€amount€of€messages€transmitted€over€Usenet,€Ìmost€systems€carry€messages€for€only€a€few€days€or€weeks.€€So€if€there's€Ìa€message€you€want€to€keep,€you€should€either€turn€on€your€computer's€Ìscreen€capture€or€save€it€to€a€file€which€you€can€later€download).€€To€Ìsave€a€message€as€a€file€in€rn,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€s€filenameÌ€Ìwhere€"filename"€is€what€you€want€to€call€the€file.€Hit€enter.€€You'll€be€Ð .°+0 Ðasked€if€you€want€to€save€it€in€"mailbox€format."€€In€most€cases,€you€Ìcan€answer€with€an€n€(which€will€strip€off€the€header).€€The€message€Ìwill€now€be€saved€to€a€file€in€your€News€directory€(which€you€can€access€Ìby€typing€cd€News€and€then€hitting€enter).€€ÌÌAlso,€some€newsgroups€fill€up€particularly€quickly€--€go€away€for€a€Ìcouple€of€days€and€you'll€come€back€to€find€hundreds€of€articles!€€One€Ìway€to€deal€with€that€is€to€mark€them€as€"read"€so€that€they€no€longer€Ìappear€on€your€screen.€€Within€a€newsgroup,€type€a€lower-case€c.€€You'l€Ìbe€asked€if€you're€sure€you€want€to€mark€the€current€messages€as€"read."€Ìassuming€you€are,€hit€y.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡l Ôò ò3.5€€rn€COMMANDSó óÔ%†lvÔÐ -Õ  Ѐ̀ÌDifferent€commands€are€available€to€you€in€rn€depending€on€whether€you€Ìare€already€in€a€newsgroup€or€reading€a€specific€article.€At€any€point,€Ìtyping€a€lowercase€h€will€bring€up€a€list€of€available€commands€and€some€Ìterse€instructions€for€using€them.€Here€are€some€of€them:€Ì€ÌAfter€you've€just€called€up€rn,€or€within€a€newsgroup:Ì€Ìc€€€€€€€€€€€€€Marks€every€article€in€a€newsgroup€as€read€(or€"caught€up")Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€so€that€you€don't€have€to€see€them€again.€The€system€will€ask€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€if€you€are€sure.€Can€be€done€either€when€asked€if€youÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€want€to€read€a€particular€newsgroup€or€once€in€the€newsgroup.Ì€Ìg€€€€€€€€€€€€€Goes€to€a€newsgroup,€in€this€form:€Ì€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€g€news.group€Ì€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Use€this€both€for€going€to€groups€to€which€you're€already€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€subscribed€and€subscribing€to€new€groups.€Ì€Ìh€€€€€€€€€€€€€Provides€a€list€of€available€commands€with€terse€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€instructions.Ì€Ìl€€€€€€€€€€€€€Gives€a€list€of€all€available€newsgroups.Ì€Ìp€€€€€€€€€€€€€Goes€to€the€first€previous€subscribed€newsgroup€with€un-read€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€articles.€Ì€Ìq€€€€€€€€€€€€€Quits,€or€exits,€rn€if€you€have€not€yet€gone€into€a€newsgroup.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€If€you€are€in€a€newsgroup,€it€quits€that€one€and€brings€you€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€next€subscribed€newsgroup.€Ì€ÌOnly€within€a€newsgroup:̀Р 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Ð=€€€€€€€€€€€€€Gives€a€list€of€all€available€articles€in€the€newsgroup.̀̀Ìm€€€€€€€€€€€€€Marks€a€specific€article€or€series€of€articles€as€"un-read"€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€again€so€that€you€can€come€back€to€them€later.€Typing̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1700m̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€hitting€enter€would€mark€just€that€article€as€un-read.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Typing€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1700-1800m̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€hitting€enter€would€mark€all€of€those€articles€as€un-Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€read.Ì€Ìspace€€€€€€€€€Brings€up€the€next€page€of€article€listings.€€If€already€onÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€last€page,€displays€the€first€article€in€the€newsgroup.Ì€Ìu€€€€€€€€€€€€€Un-subscribe€from€the€newsgroup.€Ì€Ì/text/€€€€€€€€Searches€through€the€newsgroup€for€articles€with€a€specificÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€word€or€phrase€in€the€"subject:"€line,€from€the€current€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€article€to€the€end€of€the€newsgroup.€For€example,€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/EFF/̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€would€bring€you€to€the€first€article€with€"EFF"€in€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"subject:"€line.Ì€Ì?text?€€€€€€€€The€same€as€/text/€except€it€searches€in€reverse€order€from€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€current€article.Ì€ÌOnly€within€a€specific€article:Ì€Ìe€€€€€€€€€€€€€Some€newsgroups€consist€of€articles€that€are€binary€files,€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€typically€programs€or€graphics€images.€€Hitting€e€will€convert€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€ASCII€characters€within€such€an€article€into€a€file€youÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€can€then€download€and€use€or€view€(assuming€you€have€the€properÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€computer€and€software).€€Many€times,€such€files€will€be€splitÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€into€several€articles;€just€keep€calling€up€the€articles€andÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€hitting€e€until€done.€€You'll€find€the€resulting€file€in€yourÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€News€subdirectory.ÌÌC€€€€€€€€€€€€€If€you€post€an€article€and€then€decide€it€was€a€mistake,€call€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€it€up€on€your€host€system€and€hit€this.€€The€message€will€soon€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€begin€disappearing€on€systems€around€the€world.€Ì€ÌF€€€€€€€€€€€€€Post€a€public€response€in€the€newsgroup€to€the€current€Ð 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Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€article.€€Includes€a€copy€of€her€posting,€which€you€can€then€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€edit€down€using€your€host€system's€text€editor.€Ì€Ìf€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€same€as€above€except€it€does€not€include€a€copy€of€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€original€message€in€yours.Ì€Ìm€€€€€€€€€€€€€Marks€the€current€article€as€"un-read"€so€that€you€can€come€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€back€to€it€later.€€You€do€not€have€to€type€the€article€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€number.€€€€€€€Ì€ÌControl-N€€€€€Brings€up€the€first€response€to€the€article.€If€there€is€no€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€follow-up€article,€this€returns€you€to€the€first€unread€article€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€in€the€newsgroup).€Ì€ÌControl-P€€€€€Goes€to€the€message€to€which€the€current€article€is€a€reply.Ì€Ìn€€€€€€€€€€€€€Goes€to€the€next€unread€article€in€the€newsgroup.€Ì€ÌN€€€€€€€€€€€€€Takes€you€to€the€next€article€in€the€newsgroup€even€if€you've€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€already€read€it.Ì€Ìq€€€€€€€€€€€€€Quits,€or€exits,€the€current€article.€Leaves€you€in€the€current€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€newsgroup.Ì€ÌR€€€€€€€€€€€€€Reply,€via€e-mail€only,€to€the€author€of€the€current€article.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Includes€a€copy€of€his€message€in€yours.Ì€Ìr€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€same€as€above,€except€it€does€not€include€a€copy€of€his€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€article.Ì€Ìs€file€€€€€€€€Copies€the€current€article€to€a€file€in€your€News€directory,€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€where€"file"€is€the€name€of€the€file€you€want€to€save€it€to.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€You'll€be€asked€if€you€want€to€use€"mailbox"€format€when€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€saving.€If€you€answer€by€hitting€your€N€key,€most€of€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€header€will€not€be€saved.€ÌÌs|mail€user€€€Mails€a€copy€of€the€article€to€somebody.€For€"user"€substituteÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€an€e-mail€address.€Does€not€let€you€add€comments€to€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€message€first,€however.Ì€Ìspace€€€€€€€€€Hitting€the€space€bar€shows€the€next€page€of€the€article,€or,€if€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€at€the€end,€goes€to€the€next€un-read€article.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡n Ôò ò3.6€€ESSENTIAL€NEWSGROUPSó óÔ%†n!‹ÔÐ d* (, ÐÌÌWith€so€much€to€choose€from,€everybody€will€likely€have€their€own€unique€ÌUsenet€reading€list.€€But€there€are€a€few€newsgroups€that€are€Ð  .±+0 Ðparticularly€of€interest€to€newcomers.€€Among€them:€ÌÌ€€€€€news.announce.newusers€€€€€This€group€consists€of€a€series€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€articles€that€explain€various€facets€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Usenet.ÌÌ€€€€€news.newusers.questions€€€€This€is€where€you€can€ask€questions€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(we'll€see€how€in€a€bit)€about€howÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Usenet€works.ÌÌ€€€€€news.announce.newsgroups€€€Look€here€for€information€about€new€orÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€proposed€newsgroups.ÌÌ€€€€€news.answers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Contains€lists€of€"Frequently€AskedÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Questions"€€(FAQs)€and€their€answers€from€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€many€different€newsgroups.€€Learn€how€toÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€fight€jet€lag€in€the€FAQ€from€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€rec.travel.air;€look€up€answers€to€commonÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€questions€about€Microsoft€Windows€inÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€an€FAQ€from€comp.os.ms-windows;€etc.ÌÌ€€€€€alt.internet.services€€€€€€Looking€for€something€in€particular€on€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€Internet?€€Ask€here.ÌÌ€€€€€alt.infosystems.announce€€€People€adding€new€information€services€toÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€Internet€will€post€details€here.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡p Ôò ò3.7€€SPEAKING€UPó óÔ%†p/‘ÔÐ Ô| ÐÌÌ"Threads"€are€an€integral€part€of€Usenet.€€When€somebody€posts€a€message,€Ìoften€somebody€else€will€respond.€€Soon,€a€thread€of€conversation€begins.€€ÌFollowing€these€threads€is€relatively€easy.€€In€nn,€related€messages€are€Ìgrouped€together.€€In€rn,€when€you're€done€with€a€message,€you€can€hit€Ìcontrol-N€to€read€the€next€related€message,€or€followup.€€As€you€explore€ÌUsenet,€it's€probably€a€good€idea€to€read€discussions€for€awhile€before€Ìyou€jump€in.€€This€way,€you€can€get€a€feel€for€the€particular€newsgroup€Ì--€each€has€its€own€rhythms.€Ì€ÌEventually,€though,€you'll€want€to€speak€up.€€There€are€two€main€ways€to€Ìdo€this.€€You€join€an€existing€conversation,€or€you€can€start€a€whole€new€Ìthread.€ÌÌIf€you€want€to€join€a€discussion,€you€have€to€decide€if€you€want€to€Ìinclude€portions€of€the€message€you€are€responding€to€in€your€message.€€ÌThe€reason€to€do€this€is€so€people€can€see€what€you're€responding€to,€Ìjust€in€case€the€original€message€has€disappeared€from€their€system€Ì(remember€that€most€Usenet€messages€have€a€short€life€span€on€the€average€Ð 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Ðhost€system)€or€they€can't€find€it.€€ÌÌIf€you're€using€a€Unix€host€system,€joining€an€existing€conversation€is€Ìsimilar€in€both€nn€and€rn:€hit€your€F€key€when€done€with€a€given€article€Ìin€the€thread.€€In€rn,€type€a€small€f€if€you€don't€want€to€include€Ìportions€of€the€message€you're€responding€to;€an€uppercase€F€if€you€do.€ÌIn€nn,€type€a€capital€F.€€You'll€then€be€asked€if€you€want€to€include€Ìportions€of€the€original€message.€ÌÌAnd€here's€where€you€hit€another€Unix€wall.€€When€you€hit€your€F€key,€Ìyour€host€system€calls€up€its€basic€Unix€text€editor.€€If€you're€lucky,€Ìthat'll€be€pico,€a€very€easy€system.€€More€likely,€however,€you'll€get€Ìdumped€into€emacs€(or€possibly€vi),€which€you've€already€met€in€the€Ìchapter€on€e-mail.€€ÌÌThe€single€most€important€emacs€command€is€Ì€Ì€€€€€control-x€control-cÌ€ÌThis€means,€depress€your€control€key€and€hit€x.€€Then€depress€the€control€Ìkey€and€hit€c.€€Memorize€this.€€In€fact,€it's€so€important,€it€bears€Ìrepeating:€Ì€€€€€Ì€€€€€control-x€control-cÌ€ÌThese€keystrokes€are€how€you€get€out€of€emacs.€€If€they€work€well,€you'll€Ìbe€asked€if€you€want€to€send,€edit,€abort€or€list€the€message€you€were€Ìworking€on.€€If€they€don't€work€well€(say€you€accidentally€hit€some€other€Ìweird€key€combination€that€means€something€special€to€emacs)€and€nothing€Ìseems€to€happen,€or€you€just€get€more€weird-looking€emacs€prompts€on€the€Ìbottom€of€your€screen,€try€hitting€control-g.€This€should€stop€whatever€Ìemacs€was€trying€to€do€(you€should€see€the€word€"quit"€on€the€bottom€of€Ìyour€screen),€after€which€you€can€hit€control-x€control-c.€But€if€this€Ìstill€doesn't€work,€remember€that€you€can€always€disconnect€and€dial€back€Ìin!€ÌÌIf€you€have€told€your€newsreader€you€do€want€to€include€portions€of€the€Ìoriginal€message€in€yours,€it€will€automatically€put€the€entire€thing€at€Ìthe€top€of€your€message.€€Use€the€arrow€keys€to€move€down€to€the€lines€Ìyou€want€to€delete€and€hit€control-K,€which€will€delete€one€line€at€a€Ìtime.€ÌÌYou€can€then€write€your€message.€€Remember€that€you€have€to€hit€enter€Ìbefore€your€cursor€gets€to€the€end€of€the€line,€because€emacs€does€not€Ìhave€word€wrapping.€ÌÌWhen€done,€hit€control-X€control-C.€€You'll€be€asked€the€question€about€Ìsending,€editing,€aborting,€etc.€€Chose€one.€€If€you€hit€Y,€your€host€Ìsystem€will€start€the€process€to€sending€your€message€across€the€Net.€Ð .°+0 ЇThe€nn€and€rn€programs€work€differently€when€it€comes€to€posting€entirely€Ìnew€messages.€€In€nn,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€:postÌ€Ìand€hit€enter€in€any€newsgroup.€€You'll€be€asked€which€newsgroup€to€Ìpost€a€message€to.€€Type€in€its€name€and€hit€enter.€€Then€you'll€be€Ìasked€for€"keywords."€€These€are€words€you'd€use€to€attract€somebody€Ìscanning€a€newsgroup.€€Say€you're€selling€your€car.€€You€might€type€Ìthe€type€of€car€here.€€Next€comes€a€"summary"€line,€which€is€somewhat€Ìsimilar.€€Finally,€you'll€be€asked€for€the€message's€"distribution."ÌThis€is€where€you€put€how€widely€you€want€your€message€disseminated.€€ÌThink€about€this€one€for€a€second.€€If€you€are€selling€your€car,€it€Ìmakes€little€sense€to€send€a€message€about€it€all€over€the€world.€€But€Ìif€you€want€to€talk€about€the€environment,€it€might€make€a€lot€of€Ìsense.€€Each€host€system€has€its€own€set€of€distribution€Ìclassifications,€but€there's€generally€a€local€one€(just€for€users€of€Ìthat€system),€one€for€the€city,€state€or€region€it's€in,€another€for€Ìthe€country€(for€example,€usa),€one€for€the€continent€(for€Americans€Ìand€Canadians,€na)€and€finally,€one€for€the€entire€world€(usually:€Ìworld).ÌÌWhich€one€to€use?€€Generally,€a€couple€of€seconds'€thought€will€help€you€Ìdecide.€€If€you're€selling€your€car,€use€your€city€or€regional€Ìdistribution€--€people€in€Australia€won't€much€care€and€may€even€get€Ìannoyed.€€If€you€want€to€discuss€presidential€politics,€using€a€USA€Ìdistribution€makes€more€sense.€€If€you€want€to€talk€about€events€in€the€ÌMiddle€East,€sending€your€message€to€the€entire€world€is€perfectly€Ìacceptable.€One€caveat:€these€rules€are€not€absolute,€some€systems€pick€Ìup€messages€from€all€over,€regardless€of€the€distribution€you've€set,€so€Ìdon't€be€surprised€if,€sooner€or€later,€you€get€a€response€to€a€"local"€Ìmessage€from€several€thousand€miles€away.€Ì€€€€ÌThen€you€can€type€your€message.€€If€you've€composed€your€message€Ìoffline€(generally€a€good€idea€if€you€and€emacs€don't€get€along),€you€Ìcan€upload€it€now.€€You€may€see€a€lot€of€weird€looking€characters€as€Ìit€uploads€into€emacs,€but€those€will€disappear€when€you€hit€control-X€Ìand€then€control-C.€€Alternately:€"save"€the€message€(for€example,€by€Ìhitting€m€in€rn),€log€out,€compose€your€message€offline,€log€back€on€and€Ìupload€your€message€into€a€file€on€your€host€system.€€Then€call€up€ÌUsenet,€find€the€article€you€"saved."€Start€a€reply,€and€you'll€be€asked€Ìif€you€want€to€include€a€prepared€message.€€Type€in€the€name€of€the€file€Ìyou€just€created€and€hit€enter.ÌÌIn€rn,€you€have€to€wait€until€you€get€to€the€end€of€a€newsgroup€to€hit€F,€Ìwhich€will€bring€up€a€message-composing€system.€€Alternately,€at€your€Ìhost€system's€command€line,€you€can€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€PnewsÐ .°+0 ЀÌand€hit€enter.€€You'll€be€prompted€somewhat€similarly€to€the€nn€Ìsystem,€except€that€you'll€be€given€a€list€of€possible€distributions.€€ÌIf€you€chose€"world,"€you'll€get€this€message:̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€This€program€posts€news€to€thousands€of€machines€throughout€the€entire€€€€€€€€€Ì€civilized€world.€€Your€message€will€cost€the€net€hundreds€if€not€thousands€of€€Ì€dollars€to€send€everywhere.€€Please€be€sure€you€know€what€you€are€doing.€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€Are€you€absolutely€sure€that€you€want€to€do€this?€[ny]€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌDon't€worry€--€your€message€won't€really€cost€the€Net€untold€amounts,€Ìalthough,€again,€it's€a€good€idea€to€think€for€a€second€whether€your€Ìmessage€really€should€go€everywhere.€Ì€ÌIf€you€want€to€respond€to€a€given€post€through€e-mail,€instead€of€Ìpublicly,€hit€R€in€nn€or€r€or€R€in€rn.€€In€rn,€as€with€follow-up€Ìarticles,€the€upper-case€key€includes€the€original€message€in€yours.€ÌÌMost€newsgroups€are€unmoderated,€which€means€that€every€message€you€post€Ìwill€eventually€wind€up€on€every€host€system€within€the€geographic€region€Ìyou€specified€that€carries€that€newsgroup.€ÌÌSome€newsgroups,€however,€are€moderated,€as€you€saw€earlier€with€Ìcomp.risks.€€In€these€groups,€messages€are€shipped€to€a€single€location€Ìwhere€a€moderator,€acting€much€like€a€magazine€editor,€decides€what€Ìactually€gets€posted.€€In€some€cases,€groups€are€moderated€like€scholarly€Ìjournals.€€In€other€cases,€it's€to€try€to€cut€down€on€the€massive€number€Ìof€messages€that€might€otherwise€be€posted.€€ÌÌÌYou'll€notice€that€many€articles€in€Usenet€end€with€a€fancy€"signature"€Ìthat€often€contains€some€witty€saying,€a€clever€drawing€and,€almost€Ìincidentally,€the€poster's€name€and€e-mail€address.€€You€too€can€have€Ìyour€own€"signature"€automatically€appended€to€everything€you€post.€€On€Ìyour€own€computer,€create€a€signature€file.€€Try€to€keep€it€to€four€lines€Ìor€less,€lest€you€annoy€others€on€the€Net.€€Then,€while€ÌÌconnected€to€your€host€system,€at€the€prompt,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€cat>.signatureÌ€Ìand€hit€enter€(note€the€period€before€the€s).€€Upload€your€signature€Ìfile€into€this€using€your€communications€software's€ASCII€upload€Ìprotocol.€€When€done,€hit€control-D,€the€Unix€command€for€closing€a€Ìfile.€€Now,€every€time€you€post€a€message,€this€will€be€appended€to€it.€ÌÌThere€are€a€few€caveats€to€posting.€€Usenet€is€no€different€from€a€Town€Ð .°+0 ÐMeeting€or€publication:€you're€not€supposed€to€break€the€law,€whether€Ìthat's€posting€copyrighted€material€or€engaging€in€illegal€activities.€€ÌIt€is€also€not€a€place€to€try€to€sell€products€(except€in€certain€biz.€Ìand€for-sale€newsgroups).€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡r Ôò ò3.8€€CROSS-POSTINGó óÔ%†r´ÔÐ Îv ЀÌÌSometimes,€you'll€have€an€issue€you€think€should€be€discussed€in€more€Ìthan€one€Usenet€newsgroup.€€Rather€than€posting€individual€messages€in€Ìeach€group,€you€can€post€the€same€message€in€several€groups€at€once,€Ìthrough€a€process€known€as€cross-posting.€ÌÌSay€you€want€to€start€a€discussion€about€the€political€ramifications€of€Ìimporting€rare€tropical€fish€from€Brazil.€€People€who€read€rec.aquaria€Ìmight€have€something€to€say.€So€might€people€who€read€Ìalt.politics.animals€and€talk.politics.misc.€ÌÌCross-posting€is€easy.€€It€also€should€mean€that€people€on€other€systems€Ìwho€subscribe€to€several€newsgroups€will€see€your€message€only€once,€Ìrather€than€several€times€--€news-reading€software€can€cancel€out€the€Ìother€copies€once€a€person€has€read€the€message.€€When€you€get€ready€to€Ìpost€a€message€(whether€through€Pnews€for€rn€or€the€:post€command€in€nn),€Ìyou'll€be€asked€in€which€newsgroups.€€Type€the€names€of€the€various€Ìgroups,€separated€by€a€comma,€but€no€space,€for€example:€Ì€Ì€€€€€rec.aquaria,alt.politics.animals,talk.politics.miscÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€After€answering€the€other€questions€(geographic€Ìdistribution,€etc.),€the€message€will€be€posted€in€the€various€Ìgroups€(unless€one€of€the€groups€is€moderated,€in€which€case€the€Ìmessage€goes€to€the€moderator,€who€decides€whether€to€make€it€public).€Ì€€€€€ÌIt's€considered€bad€form€to€post€to€an€excessive€number€of€newsgroups,€or€Ìinappropriate€newsgroups.€€Probably,€you€don't€really€have€to€post€Ìsomething€in€20€different€places.€€And€while€you€may€think€your€Ìparticular€political€issue€is€vitally€important€to€the€fate€of€the€world,€Ìchances€are€the€readers€of€rec.arts.comics€will€not,€or€at€least€not€Ìimportant€enough€to€impose€on€them.€€You'll€get€a€lot€of€nasty€e-mail€Ìmessages€demanding€you€restrict€your€messages€to€the€"appropriate"€Ìnewsgroups.€ÌÐ  “(;&* ÐÔ% € Ôò òChapter€4:€USENET€IIó óÐ X Ѐ̀ÌÔ% ‡t Ôò ò4.1€€FLAME,€BLATHER€AND€SPEWó óÔ%†tM¼ÔÐ ¼ ЀÌÌSomething€about€online€communications€seems€to€make€some€people€Ìparticularly€irritable.€€Perhaps€it's€the€immediacy€and€semi-anonymity€of€Ìit€all.€€Whatever€it€is,€there€are€whole€classes€of€people€you€will€soon€Ìthink€seem€to€exist€to€make€you€miserable.€ÌÌRather€than€pausing€and€reflecting€on€a€message€as€one€might€do€with€a€Ìletter€received€on€paper,€it's€just€so€easy€to€hit€your€R€or€F€key€and€Ìtell€somebody€you€don't€really€know€what€you€really€think€of€them.€€Even€Ìotherwise€calm€people€sometimes€find€themselves€turning€into€raving€Ìlunatics.€€When€this€happens,€flames€erupt.€€ÌÌA€flame€is€a€particularly€nasty,€personal€attack€on€somebody€for€Ìsomething€he€or€she€has€written.€€Periodically,€an€exchange€of€flames€Ìerupts€into€a€flame€war€that€begin€to€take€up€all€the€space€in€a€given€Ìnewsgroup€(and€sometimes€several;€flamers€like€cross-posting€to€let€the€Ìworld€know€how€they€feel).€€These€can€go€on€for€weeks€(sometimes€they€go€Ìon€for€years,€in€which€case€they€become€"holy€wars,"€usually€on€such€Ìtopics€as€the€relative€merits€of€Macintoshes€and€IBMs).€€Often,€just€when€Ìthey're€dying€down,€somebody€new€to€the€flame€war€reads€all€the€messages,€Ìgets€upset€and€issues€an€urgent€plea€that€the€flame€war€be€taken€to€e-Ìmail€so€everybody€else€can€get€back€to€whatever€the€newsgroup's€business€Ìis.€€All€this€usually€does,€though,€is€start€a€brand€new€flame€war,€in€Ìwhich€this€poor€person€comes€under€attack€for€daring€to€question€the€ÌFirst€Amendment,€prompting€others€to€jump€on€the€attackers€for€impugning€Ìthis€poor€soul...€€You€get€the€idea.€ÌÌEvery€so€often,€a€discussion€gets€so€out€of€hand€that€somebody€predicts€Ìthat€either€the€government€will€catch€on€and€shut€the€whole€thing€down€or€Ìsomebody€will€sue€to€close€down€the€network,€or€maybe€even€the€wrath€of€ÌGod€will€smote€everybody€involved.€€This€brings€what€has€become€an€Ìinevitable€rejoinder€from€others€who€realize€that€the€network€is,€in€Ìfact,€a€resilient€creature€that€will€not€die€easily:€"Imminent€death€of€ÌUsenet€predicted.€Film€at€11.''€ÌÌFlame€wars€can€be€tremendously€fun€to€watch€at€first.€€They€quickly€grow€Ìboring,€though.€€And€wait€until€the€first€time€you're€attacked!€ÌÌFlamers€are€not€the€only€net.characters€to€watch€out€for.€€ÌÌSpewers€assume€that€whatever€they€are€particularly€concerned€about€either€Ìreally€is€of€universal€interest€or€should€be€rammed€down€the€throats€of€Ìpeople€who€don't€seem€to€care€--€as€frequently€as€possible.€You€can€Ìusually€tell€a€spewer's€work€by€the€number€of€articles€he€posts€in€a€day€Ð  .²+0 Ðon€the€same€subject€and€the€number€of€newsgroups€to€which€he€then€sends€Ìthese€articles€--€both€can€reach€well€into€double€digits.€Often,€these€Ìmessages€relate€to€various€ethnic€conflicts€around€the€world.€Frequently,€Ìthere€is€no€conceivable€connection€between€the€issue€at€hand€and€most€of€Ìthe€newsgroups€to€which€he€posts.€€No€matter.€€If€you€try€to€point€this€Ìout€in€a€response€to€one€of€these€messages,€you€will€be€inundated€with€Ìangry€messages€that€either€accuse€you€of€being€an€insensitive€Ìracist/American/whatever€or€ignore€your€point€entirely€to€bring€up€Ìseveral€hundred€more€lines€of€commentary€on€the€perfidy€of€whoever€it€is€Ìthe€spewer€thinks€is€out€to€destroy€his€people.€ÌÌClosely€related€to€these€folks€are€the€Holocaust€revisionists,€who€Ìperiodically€inundate€certain€groups€(such€as€soc.history)€with€long€Ìrants€about€how€the€Holocaust€never€really€happened.€€Some€people€attempt€Ìto€refute€these€people€with€facts,€but€others€realize€this€only€Ìencourages€them.€ÌÌBlatherers€tend€to€be€more€benign.€€Their€problem€is€that€they€just€can't€Ìget€to€the€point€--€they€can€wring€three€or€four€screenfuls€out€of€a€Ìthought€that€others€might€sum€up€in€a€sentence€or€two.€€A€related€Ìcondition€is€excessive€quoting.€€People€afflicted€with€this€will€include€Ìan€entire€message€in€their€reply€rather€than€excising€the€portions€not€Ìrelevant€to€whatever€point€they're€trying€to€make.€€The€worst€quote€a€Ìlong€message€and€then€add€a€single€line:€Ì€Ì€€€€€"I€agree!"Ì€Ìor€some€such,€often€followed€by€a€monster€.signature€(see€section€4.7)Ì€€€€€€ÌThere€are€a€number€of€other€Usenet€denizens€you'll€soon€come€to€Ìrecognize.€€Among€them:€Ì€€€€€Ì€€€€€Net.weenies.€€These€are€the€kind€of€people€who€enjoy€LOWER€ÌCASEDinsulting€others,€the€kind€of€people€who€post€nasty€messages€in€a€Ìsewing€newsgroup€just€for€the€hell€of€it.€Ì€€€€€Net.geeks.€€People€to€whom€the€Net€is€Life,€who€worry€about€what€Ìhappens€when€they€graduate€and€they€lose€their€free,€24-hour€access.€Ì€€€€€Net.gods.€€The€old-timers;€the€true€titans€of€the€Net€and€the€Ìkeepers€of€its€collective€history.€They€were€around€when€the€Net€Ìconsisted€of€a€couple€of€computers€tied€together€with€baling€wire.Ì€€€€€Lurkers.€€Actually,€you€can't€tell€these€people€are€there,€but€Ìthey€are.€€They're€the€folks€who€read€a€newsgroup€but€never€post€or€Ìrespond.€Ì€€€€€Wizards.€€People€who€know€a€particular€Net-related€topic€inside€Ìand€out.€€Unix€wizards€can€perform€amazing€tricks€with€that€operating€Ìsystem,€for€example.€Ì€€€€€Net.saints.€€Always€willing€to€help€a€newcomer,€eager€to€share€Ìtheir€knowledge€with€those€not€born€with€an€innate€ability€to€navigate€Ìthe€Net,€they€are€not€as€rare€as€you€might€think.€€Post€a€question€Ð .°+0 Ðabout€something€and€you'll€often€be€surprised€how€many€responses€you€Ìget.Ì€€€€€ÌThe€last€group€brings€us€back€to€the€Net's€oral€tradition.€€With€few€Ìwritten€guides,€people€had€traditionally€learned€their€way€around€the€Net€Ìby€asking€somebody,€whether€at€the€terminal€next€to€them€or€on€the€Net€Ìitself.€€That€tradition€continues:€if€you€have€a€question,€ask.€ÌÌToday,€one€of€the€places€you€can€look€for€help€is€in€the€Ìnews.newusers.questions€newsgroup,€which,€as€its€name€suggests,€is€a€Ìplace€to€learn€more€about€Usenet.€€But€be€careful€what€you€post.€€Some€of€Ìthe€Usenet€wizards€there€get€cranky€sometimes€when€they€have€to€answer€Ìthe€same€question€over€and€over€again.€Oh,€they'll€eventually€answer€your€Ìquestion,€but€not€before€they€tell€you€should€have€asked€your€host€system€Ìadministrator€first€or€looked€at€the€postings€in€news.announce.newusers.€Ì€ÌÌÔ% ‡v Ôò ò4.2€€KILLFILES:€THE€CURE€FOR€WHAT€AILS€YOU€ó óÔ%†v˜ÔÔÐ Ñy ÐÌ€ÌAs€you€keep€reading€Usenet,€you€are€going€to€run€across€topics€or€people€Ìthat€really€drive€you€nuts€--€or€that€you€just€get€tired€of€seeing.€ÌÌKillfiles€are€just€the€thing€for€you.€When€you€start€your€newsreader,€it€Ìchecks€to€see€if€you€have€any€lists€of€words,€phrases€or€names€you€don't€Ìwant€to€see.€€If€you€do,€then€it€blanks€out€any€messages€containing€those€Ìwords.€ÌÌSuch€as€cascades.€ÌÌAs€you€saw€earlier,€when€you€post€a€reply€to€a€message€and€include€parts€Ìof€that€message,€the€original€lines€show€up€with€a€>€in€front€of€them.€€ÌWell,€what€if€you€reply€to€a€reply?€€Then€you€get€a€>>€in€front€of€the€Ìline.€€And€if€you€reply€to€that€reply?€You€get€>>>.€€Keep€this€up,€and€Ìsoon€you€get€a€triangle€of€>'s€building€up€in€your€message.€ÌÌThere€are€people€who€like€building€up€these€triangles,€or€cascades.€€ÌThey'll€"respond"€to€your€message€by€deleting€everything€you've€said,€Ìleaving€only€the€"In€message€123435,€you€said:"€part€and€the€last€line€of€Ìyour€message,€to€which€they€add€a€nonsensical€retort.€€On€and€on€they€go€Ìuntil€the€triangle€has€reached€the€right€end€of€the€page.€Then€they€try€Ìto€expand€the€triangle€by€deleting€one€>€with€each€new€line.€Whoever€gets€Ìto€finish€this€mega-triangle€wins.€€€€€€€€ÌÌThere€is€even€a€newsgroup€just€for€such€folks:€alt.cascade.€€ÌUnfortunately,€cascaders€would€generally€rather€cascade€in€other€Ìnewsgroups.€Because€it€takes€a€lot€of€messages€to€build€up€a€completed€Ìcascade,€the€targeted€newsgroup€soon€fills€up€with€these€messages.€Of€Ìcourse,€if€you€complain,€you'll€be€bombarded€with€messages€about€the€Ð  .±+0 ÐFirst€Amendment€and€artistic€expression€--€or€worse,€with€another€Ìcascade.€The€only€thing€you€can€do€is€ignore€them,€by€setting€up€a€Ìkillfile.€ÌÌThere€are€also€certain€newsgroups€where€killfiles€will€come€in€handy€Ìbecause€of€the€way€the€newsgroups€are€organized.€€For€example,€readers€of€Ìrec.arts.tv.soaps€always€use€an€acronym€in€their€subject:€line€for€the€Ìshow€they're€writing€about€(AMC,€for€example,€for€"All€My€Children").€€ÌThis€way,€people€who€only€want€to€read€about€"One€Life€to€Live"€can€blank€Ìout€all€the€messages€about€"The€Young€and€the€Restless"€and€all€the€Ìothers€(to€keep€people€from€accidentally€screening€out€messages€that€Ìmight€contain€the€letters€"gh"€in€them,€"General€Hospital"€viewers€always€Ìuse€"gh:"€in€their€subject€lines).€ÌÌBoth€nn€and€rn€let€you€create€killfiles,€but€in€different€ways.€ÌÌTo€create€a€killfile€in€nn,€go€into€the€newsgroup€with€the€offending€Ìmessages€and€type€a€capital€K.€€You'll€see€this€at€the€bottom€of€your€Ìscreen:€Ì€Ì€€€€€AUTO€(k)ill€or€(s)elect€(CR€=>€Kill€subject€30€days)€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌIf€you€hit€return,€nn€will€ask€you€which€article's€subject€you're€Ìtired€of.€Chose€one€and€the€article€and€any€follow-ups€will€disappear,€Ìand€you€won't€see€them€again€for€30€days.€Ì€€€€€ÌIf€you€type€a€lower-case€k€instead,€you'll€get€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€AUTO€KILL€on€(s)ubject€or€(n)ame€€(s)€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌIf€you€hit€your€S€key€or€just€enter,€€you'll€see€this:€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€KILL€Subject:€(=/)€Ì€ÌType€in€the€name€of€the€offending€word€or€phrase€and€hit€enter.€€You'll€Ìthen€be€prompted:€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€KILL€in€(g)roup€'eff.test'€or€in€(a)ll€groups€€(g)€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìexcept€that€the€name€of€the€group€you€see€will€be€the€one€you're€actually€Ìin€at€the€moment.€€Because€cascaders€and€other€annoying€people€often€Ìcross-post€their€messages€to€a€wide€range€of€newsgroups,€you€might€Ìconsider€hitting€a€instead€of€g.€€Next€comes:€Ì€Ì€€€€€Lifetime€of€entry€in€days€(p)ermanent€€(30)€Ì€ÌThe€P€key€will€screen€out€the€offending€articles€forever,€while€hitting€Ìenter€will€do€it€for€30€days.€€You€can€also€type€in€a€number€of€days€for€Ìthe€blocking.€Ð .°+0 ЇCreating€killfiles€in€rn€works€differently€--€its€default€killfile€Ìgenerator€only€works€for€messages€in€specific€groups,€rather€than€Ìglobally€for€your€entire€newsgroup€list.€€To€create€a€global€killfile,€Ìyou'll€have€to€write€one€yourself.€ÌÌTo€create€a€killfile€in€rn,€go€into€the€newsgroup€where€the€offending€Ìmessages€are€and€type€in€its€number€so€you€get€it€on€your€screen.€Type€a€Ìcapital€K.€€From€now€on,€any€message€with€that€subject€line€will€Ìdisappear€before€you€read€the€group.€You€should€probably€choose€a€reply,€Ìrather€than€the€original€message,€so€that€you€will€get€all€of€the€Ìfollowups€(the€original€message€won't€have€a€"Re:€"€in€its€subject€line).€ÌThe€next€time€you€call€up€that€newsgroup,€rn€will€tell€you€it's€killing€Ìmessages.€When€it's€done,€hit€the€space€bar€to€go€back€into€reading€mode.€ÌÌTo€create€a€"global"€kill€file€that€will€automatically€wipe€out€articles€Ìin€all€groups€you€read,€start€rn€and€type€control-K.€€This€will€start€Ìyour€whatever€text€editor€you€have€as€your€default€on€your€host€system€Ìand€create€a€file€(called€KILL,€in€your€News€subdirectory).€€€€€€€€€ÌÌOn€the€first€line,€you'll€type€in€the€word,€phrase€or€name€you€don't€want€Ìto€see,€followed€by€commands€that€tell€rn€whether€to€search€an€entire€Ìmessage€for€the€word€or€name€and€then€what€to€do€when€it€finds€it.€ÌÌEach€line€must€be€in€this€form€Ì€Ì€€€€€/pattern/modifier:j€Ì€Ì"Pattern"€is€the€word€or€phrase€you€want€rn€to€look€for.€€It's€case-Ìinsensitive:€both€"test"€and€"Test"€will€be€knocked€out.€€The€modifier€Ìtells€rn€whether€to€limit€its€search€to€message€headers€(which€can€be€Ìuseful€when€the€object€is€to€never€see€messages€from€a€particular€Ìperson):€Ì€Ì€€€€€a:€€€€Looks€through€an€entire€message€Ì€€€€€h:€€€€Looks€just€at€the€header€Ì€€€€ÌYou€can€leave€out€the€modifier€command,€in€which€case€rn€will€look€only€Ìat€the€subject€line€of€messages.€The€"j"€at€the€end€tells€rn€to€screen€Ìout€all€articles€with€the€offending€word.€ÌÌSo€if€you€never€want€to€see€the€word€"foo"€in€any€header,€ever€again,€Ìtype€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€/foo/h:j€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌThis€is€particularly€useful€for€getting€rid€of€articles€from€Ìpeople€who€post€in€more€than€one€newsgroup,€such€as€cascaders,€since€Ìan€article's€newsgroup€name€is€always€in€the€header.€ÌÐ .°+0 ÐIf€you€just€want€to€block€messages€with€a€subject€line€about€cascades,€Ìyou€could€try:€Ì€€Ì€€€€€/foo/:j€Ì€ÌTo€kill€anything€that€is€a€followup€to€any€article,€use€this€pattern:€ÌÌ€€€€€/Subject:€*Re:/:j€Ì€ÌWhen€done€writing€lines€for€each€phrase€to€screen,€exit€the€text€editor€Ìas€you€normally€would,€and€you'll€be€put€back€in€rn.€Ì€€€€€ÌOne€word€of€caution:€go€easy€on€the€global€killfile.€€An€extensive€global€Ìkillfile,€or€one€that€makes€frequent€use€of€the€a:€modifier€can€Ìdramatically€slow€down€rn,€since€the€system€will€now€have€to€look€at€Ìevery€single€word€in€every€single€message€in€all€the€newsgroups€you€want€Ìto€read.€ÌÌIf€there's€a€particular€person€whose€posts€you€never€want€to€see€again,€Ìfirst€find€his€or€her€address€(which€will€be€in€the€"from:"€line€of€his€Ìpostings)€and€then€write€a€line€in€your€killfile€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€/From:€*name@address\.all/h:jÌÌÌÔ% ‡x Ôò ò4.3€€DOWNLOADING€MESSAGESó óÔ%†xñÔÐ Á ÐÌÌLet's€say€there€is€an€article€in€Usenet€you€want€to€save€to€your€home€Ìcomputer.€€There€are€a€couple€of€ways€to€do€this.€€One€would€be€to€use€Ìyour€own€telecommunication's€logging€or€screen-capture€function€to€Ìcapture€the€text€as€it€scrolls€down€the€screen.€€This€method€is€good€if€Ìthere's€just€one€or€two€articles€you€want€to€save.€€ÌÌBut€what€if€there€are€a€whole€lot€of€messages€on€a€particular€topic€you€Ìwant€to€download,€or€if€you€want€to€temporarily€store€them€online€before€Ìgetting€them?€It€might€make€sense€to€save€them€all€to€one€file€that€you€Ìthen€download.€ÌÌTo€do€this€in€nn,€hit€a€capital€S€while€in€the€article.€€You'll€get€Ìsomething€like€this:ÌÌ€€€€€Save€on€(+~|)€+alt/internet/servicesÌÌIf€you€hit€enter€a€couple€of€times,€the€file€will€be€saved.€But€note€Ìthose€backslashes.€€That€means€you'll€actually€be€creating€a€series€of€ÌUnix€sub-directories€in€addition€to€a€file€(in€the€example€above,€you'd€Ìbe€creating€a€directory€path€called€alt/internet€in€which€you'd€save€the€Ìfile€called€services).€€This€can€be€a€pain!€€Instead,€backspace€as€far€as€Ð  .±+0 Ðyou€can€and€type€in€whatever€you€want€to€call€the€file.€€Now€hit€enter€a€Ìcouple€of€times,€and€the€file€will€be€saved€in€your€home€directory.€€ÌRepeat€for€other€articles€until€done.€€€Assuming€you€use€the€same€file€Ìname€each€time,€each€message€will€be€stored€in€that€file.Ì€€€€€€€€€€ÌNote€for€you€MS-DOS€folks:€be€sure€to€name€the€file€something€you're€Ìcomputer€can€handle,€for€example,€manual.txt,€rather€than€something€it€Ìcan't,€such€as€computer.manual.txt).€ÌÌTo€do€this€in€rn,€hit€a€lower-case€s€while€in€the€article.€€You'll€be€Ìgiven€a€default€file€name€in€which€to€save€the€article.€€You€can€either€Ìuse€that€or€type€in€your€own€name.€Hit€enter,€and€you'll€be€asked€if€you€Ìwant€to€save€the€article€"in€mailbox€format."€€Hitting€y€or€n€here€makes€Ìlittle€practical€difference€unless,€for€some€reason,€you€later€want€to€Ìview€the€article€from€within€elm€or€some€other€mail€program.€€The€article€Ìwill€then€be€saved€in€a€file€in€your€News€directory€(which€is€a€Ìsubdirectory€off€the€normal€directory€you€are€put€in€when€you€connect€to€Ìyour€public-access€provider).€To€save€another€Ìarticle€to€that€file,€repeat€the€process,€and€make€sure€you€use€the€same€Ìfile€name.€€The€article€will€be€appended€to€the€end€of€the€file€you€Ìcreated.ÌÌNow€to€get€the€messages€home.€First,€you€tell€your€host€system€that€you€Ìwant€to€transfer,€or€download,€the€file.€If€your€telecommunications€Ìprogram€has€Zmodem,€that's€all€you'll€have€to€do€--€the€downloading€will€Ìthen€start€automatically.€€If€you€are€using€something€like€Xmodem,€Ymodem€Ìor€Kermit,€however,€you'll€then€have€to€tell€your€own€computer€to€get€Ìready€to€receive€a€file.€€To€start€a€Zmodem€download€in€Unix,€type€ÌÌ€€€€€sz€filenameÌÌwhere€"filename"€is€the€file€you€want€and€hit€enter.€€With€Zmodem€(and€Ìalso€batch-Ymodem),€you€can€initiate€several€downloads€at€once€by€either€Ìtyping€in€a€series€of€filenames€after€'sz'€(for€example:€sz€file1€file2)€Ìor€by€using€Unix€wildcards€(which€are€very€similar€to€MS-DOS€wildcards;€Ìfor€example,€sz€man*€would€send€you€manual1,€manual2€and€manoman.txt).ÌIf€you€use€Ymodem,€the€command€would€be€in€the€formÌÌ€€€€€sz€-k€filenameÌÌwhile€if€you€want€to€use€Xmodem,€it€would€beÌÌ€€€€€sx€filenameÌÌNote€that€in€Xmodem,€you€have€to€issue€an€sx€command€for€each€file€you€Ìwant.ÌÌWith€Ymodem€and€Xmodem,€you'll€then€have€to€tell€your€own€computer's€Ìcommunications€program€that€you're€about€to€download€a€file€and€what€you€Ð .°+0 Ðwant€to€call€it.ÌÌNow€you€rn€users,€recall€how€the€files€you€created€were€being€stored€in€Ìyour€News€directory.€€That€means€that€to€get€them,€you'd€have€to€type€Ìsomething€like:ÌÌ€€€€€sz€News/filenameÌÌOtherwise,€you'll€get€an€error€message.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡z Ôò ò4.4€€ASCII€AND€YE€SHALL€RECEIVEó óÔ%†z-ÔÐ [   ÐÌÌThat€was€easy,€wasn't€it?€€Alas,€it€can€get€more€complicated.€€Unix,€MS-ÌDOS€and€Macintosh€computers€all€handle€the€end€of€lines€of€text€Ìdifferently.€€That€means€that€when€you€download€a€text€file€(such€as€a€Ìcollection€of€Usenet€postings),€it€could€look€awfully€odd€on€your€Ìcomputer,€to€the€point€of€being€almost€unreadable.€€There€are€a€couple€of€Ìways€to€handle€this.€€One€is€to€use€an€ASCII€"flag"€after€sz€(or€sx€or€Ìsz€-k).€If€you're€lucky,€your€public-access€site€and€your€own€computer€Ìwill€be€able€to€figure€out€that€you€need€to€have€the€line€endings€Ìtranslated.€€The€command€would€look€like€this:€ÌÌ€€€€€sz€-a€filenameÌÌorÌ€€€€€sz€-ka€filenameÌÌetc.ÌÌIf€you€still€get€weird€results,€most€Unix€systems€have€a€translator€Ìprogram€that€can€put€the€proper€line€endings€in.€€Typing€ÌÌ€€€€€unix2dos€file.txt€file.txtÌÌwould€convert€file.txt€into€a€valid€MS-DOS€file.€€A€similar€program€Ìcalled€unix2mac€works€the€same€for€Macintoshes.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡| Ôò ò4.5€€SOME€USENET€HINTSó óÔ%†|7ÔÐ Á&i$( ÐÌ€ÌCase€counts€in€Unix€--€most€of€the€time.€€Many€Unix€commands,€including€Ìmany€of€those€used€for€reading€Usenet€articles,€are€case€sensitive.€€Hit€Ìa€d€when€you€meant€a€D€and€either€nothing€will€happen,€or€something€Ìcompletely€different€from€what€you€expected€will€happen.€€So€watch€that€Ìcase!€ÌÐ  .²+0 ÐIn€nn,€you€can€get€help€most€of€the€time€by€typing€a€question€mark€(the€Ìexception€is€when€you€are€writing€your€own€message,€because€then€you€are€Ìinside€the€text-processing€program).€€In€rn,€type€a€lower-case€h€at€any€Ìprompt€to€get€some€online€help.€ÌÌWhen€you're€searching€for€a€particular€newsgroup,€whether€through€the€l€Ìcommand€in€rn€or€with€nngrep€for€nn,€you€sometimes€may€have€to€try€Ìseveral€keywords.€€For€example,€there€is€a€newsgroup€dedicated€to€the€ÌGrateful€Dead,€but€you'd€never€find€it€if€you€tried,€say,€l€grateful€Ìdead,€because€the€name€is€rec.music.gdead.€€In€general,€try€the€smallest€Ìpossible€part€of€the€word€or€discussion€you're€looking€for,€for€example,€Ìuse€"trek"€to€find€newsgroups€about€"Star€Trek."€€If€one€word€doesn't€Ìproduce€anything,€try€another.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡~ Ôò ò4.6€THE€BRAIN-TUMOR€BOY,€THE€MODEM€TAX€AND€THE€FCC€€€€€ó óÔ%†~ÛÔÐ ÿ§  ÐÌLike€the€rest€of€the€world,€Usenet€has€its€share€of€urban€legends€and€Ìquestionable€activities.€€There€are€three€in€particular€that€plague€the€Ìnetwork.€€Spend€more€than,€oh,€15€minutes€within€Usenet€and€you're€sure€Ìto€run€into€the€Brain€Tumor€Boy,€the€plot€by€the€evil€FCC€to€tax€your€Ìmodem€and€Dave€Rhode's€miracle€cure€for€poverty.€€For€the€record,€here's€Ìthe€story€on€all€of€them:€ÌÌThere€once€was€a€seven-year-old€boy€in€England€named€Craig€Shergold€who€Ìwas€diagnosed€with€a€seemingly€incurable€brain€tumor.€€As€he€lay€dying,€Ìhe€wished€only€to€have€friends€send€him€postcards.€€The€local€newspapers€Ìgot€a€hold€of€the€tear-jerking€story.€€Soon,€the€boy's€wish€had€changed:€Ìhe€now€wanted€to€get€into€the€Guinness€Book€of€World€Records€for€the€Ìlargest€postcard€collection.€€Word€spread€around€the€world.€People€by€the€Ìmillions€sent€him€postcards.€ÌÌMiraculously,€the€boy€lived.€€An€American€billionaire€even€flew€him€to€Ìthe€U.S.€for€surgery€to€remove€what€remained€of€the€tumor.€€And€his€wish€Ìsucceeded€beyond€his€wildest€dreams€--€he€made€the€Guinness€Book€of€World€ÌRecords.€ÌÌBut€with€Craig€now€well€into€his€teens,€his€dream€has€turned€into€a€Ìnightmare€for€the€post€office€in€the€small€town€outside€London€where€he€Ìlives.€€Like€Craig€himself,€his€request€for€cards€just€refuses€to€die,€Ìinundating€the€post€office€with€millions€of€cards€every€year.€€Just€when€Ìit€seems€like€the€flow€is€slowing,€along€comes€somebody€else€who€starts€Ìup€a€whole€new€slew€of€requests€for€people€to€send€Craig€post€cards€(or€Ìgreeting€cards€or€business€cards€--€Craig€letters€have€truly€taken€on€a€Ìlife€of€their€own€and€begun€to€mutate).€Even€Dear€Abby€has€been€powerless€Ìto€make€it€stop!€ÌÌWhat€does€any€of€this€have€to€do€with€the€Net?€The€Craig€letter€seems€to€Ìpop€up€on€Usenet€as€often€as€it€does€on€cork€boards€at€major€Ð  .±+0 Ðcorporations.€€No€matter€how€many€times€somebody€like€Gene€Spafford€posts€Ìperiodic€messages€to€ignore€them€or€spend€your€money€on€something€more€Ìsensible€(a€donation€to€the€local€Red€Cross,€say),€somebody€manages€to€Ìpost€a€letter€asking€readers€to€send€cards€to€poor€little€Craig.€ÌÌDon't€send€any€cards€to€the€Federal€Communications€Commission,€either.€ÌÌIn€1987,€the€FCC€considered€removing€a€tax€break€it€had€granted€ÌCompuServe€and€other€large€commercial€computer€networks€for€use€of€the€Ìnational€phone€system.€€The€FCC€quickly€reconsidered€after€alarmed€users€Ìof€bulletin-board€systems€bombarded€it€with€complaints€about€this€"modem€Ìtax."€ÌÌNow,€every€couple€of€months,€somebody€posts€an€"urgent"€message€warning€ÌNet€users€that€the€FCC€is€about€to€impose€a€modem€tax.€€This€is€NOT€true.€€ÌThe€way€you€can€tell€if€you're€dealing€with€the€hoax€story€is€simple:€it€ÌALWAYS€mentions€an€incident€in€which€a€talk-show€host€on€KGO€radio€in€San€ÌFrancisco€becomes€outraged€on€the€air€when€he€reads€a€story€about€the€tax€Ìin€the€New€York€Times.€€ÌÌAnother€way€to€tell€it's€not€true€is€that€it€never€mentions€a€specific€ÌFCC€docket€number€or€closing€date€for€comments.€ÌÌSave€that€letter€to€your€congressman€for€something€else.€ÌÌSooner€or€later,€you're€going€to€run€into€a€message€titled€"Make€Money€ÌFast."€€It's€your€basic€chain€letter.€€The€Usenet€version€is€always€about€Ìsome€guy€named€Dave€Rhodes€who€was€on€the€verge€of€death,€or€something,€Ìwhen€he€discovered€a€perfectly€legal€way€to€make€tons€of€money€--€by€Ìposting€a€chain€letter€on€computer€systems€around€the€world.€Yeah,€right.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡€ Ôò ò4.7€BIG€SIGó óÔ%†€ÄÔÐ x   ЀÌThere€are€.sigs€and€there€are€.sigs.€€Many€people€put€only€bare-bones€Ìinformation€in€their€.sig€files€--€their€names€and€e-mail€addresses,€Ìperhaps€their€phone€numbers.€€Others€add€a€quotation€they€think€is€funny€Ìor€profound€and€a€disclaimer€that€their€views€are€not€those€of€their€Ìemployer.€ÌÌStill€others€add€some€ASCII-art€graphics.€€And€then€there€are€those€who€Ìgo€totally€berserk,€posting€huge€creations€with€multiple€quotes,€hideous€ÌASCII€"barfics"€and€more€e-mail€addresses€than€anybody€could€humanly€Ìneed.€€College€freshmen€unleashed€on€the€Net€seem€to€excel€at€these.€€€ÌYou€can€see€the€best€of€the€worst€in€the€alt.fan.warlord€newsgroup,€which€Ìexists€solely€to€critique€.sigs€that€go€too€far,€such€as:€Ì€Ì€Ì___________________________________________________________________________Ð  .±+0 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Ð|#|€104€Luzyer€Way€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ization€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|€Sulaco,€VA€22545€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"Manufacturing€educational€widget€|#|Ì|#|€Phone€#€804-555-1524€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€design€for€over€3€years..."€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|===================================================================¼==|#|Ì|#|€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|€€Introducing:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€______€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|€€The€€|\€€/|€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|€€€€€€€|€\/€|€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|€€€€€€€|€€€€|€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|€€€€€€€|€€€€|€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|€€€€€€€|€€€€|€ETELHED€€€€€€€€€€€€€/_____€ONE€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'`'|#|Ì|#|€50Megs€Online!€€The€k00l€BBS€for€rad€teens!€€Lots€of€games€and€many€|#|Ì|#|€bases€for€kul€topix!€€Call€now€and€be€validated€to€the€Metelhed€Zone|#|Ì|#|€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€--€804-555-8500€--€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#|\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\V/////////////////////////////////////|#|Ì|#|€"This€is€the€end,€my€friend..."€€€€€€--€The€Doors€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|#|Ì|#########################################################################|Ì---------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌHit€"b"€to€continueÌ€ÌHahahha...€fooled€u!ÌÌÌÔ% ‡‚ Ôò ò4.8€€THE€FIRST€AMENDMENT€AS€LOCAL€ORDINANCEó óÔ%†‚ü.ÔÐ ª Ѐ̀ÌUsenet's€international€reach€raises€interesting€legal€questions€that€have€Ìyet€to€be€fully€resolved.€€Can€a€discussion€or€posting€that€is€legal€in€Ìone€country€be€transmitted€to€a€country€where€it€is€against€the€law?€€ÌDoes€the€posting€even€become€illegal€when€it€reaches€the€border?€€And€Ìwhat€if€that€country€is€the€only€path€to€a€third€country€where€the€Ìmessage€is€legal€as€well?€€Several€foreign€colleges€and€other€Ìinstitutions€have€cut€off€feeds€of€certain€newsgroups€where€Americans€Ìpost€what€is,€in€the€U.S.,€perfectly€legal€discussions€of€drugs€or€Ìalternative€sexual€practices.€€Even€in€the€U.S.,€some€universities€have€Ìdiscontinued€certain€newsgroups€their€administrators€find€offensive,€Ìagain,€usually€in€the€alt.€hierarchy.€ÌÌAn€interesting€example€of€this€sort€of€question€happened€in€1993,€when€a€ÌCanadian€court€issued€a€gag€order€on€Canadian€reporters€covering€a€Ìparticularly€controversial€murder€case.€€Americans,€not€bound€by€the€gag€Ìorder,€began€posting€accounts€of€the€trial€--€which€any€Canadian€with€a€ÌNet€account€could€promptly€read.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡„ Ôò ò4.9€€USENET€HISTORY€€ó óÔ%†„3ÔÐ  .±+0 ЀÌÌIn€the€late€1970s,€Unix€developers€came€up€with€a€new€feature:€a€system€Ìto€allow€Unix€computers€to€exchange€data€over€phone€lines.€ÌÌIn€1979,€two€graduate€students€at€Duke€University€in€North€Carolina,€Tom€ÌTruscott€and€Jim€Ellis,€came€up€with€the€idea€of€using€this€system,€known€Ìas€UUCP€(for€Unix-to-Unix€CoPy),€to€distribute€information€of€interest€to€Ìpeople€in€the€Unix€community.€€Along€with€Steve€Bellovin,€a€graduate€Ìstudent€at€the€University€of€North€Carolina€and€Steve€Daniel,€they€wrote€Ìconferencing€software€and€linked€together€computers€at€Duke€and€UNC.€Ì€ÌWord€quickly€spread€and€by€1981,€a€graduate€student€at€Berkeley,€Mark€ÌHorton€and€a€nearby€high€school€student,€Matt€Glickman,€had€released€a€Ìnew€version€that€added€more€features€and€was€able€to€handle€larger€Ìvolumes€of€postings€--€the€original€North€Carolina€program€was€meant€for€Ìonly€a€few€articles€in€a€newsgroup€each€day.€ÌÌToday,€this€system,€now€called€Usenet,€connects€tens€of€thousands€of€Ìsites€around€the€world,€from€mainframes€to€Amigas.€€With€more€than€3,000€Ìnewsgroups€and€untold€thousands€of€readers,€it€is€perhaps€the€world's€Ìlargest€computer€network.€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÔ% ‡† Ôò ò4.10€WHEN€THINGS€GO€WRONGó óÔ%††k8ÔÐ 0Ø ÐÌ€Ì*€When€you€start€up€rn,€you€get€a€"warning"€that€"bogus€newsgroups"€Ìare€present.€€ÌÌWithin€a€couple€of€minutes,€you'll€be€asked€whether€to€keep€these€or€Ìdelete€them.€€Delete€them.€€Bogus€newsgroups€are€newsgroups€that€your€Ìsystem€administrator€or€somebody€else€has€determined€are€no€longer€Ìneeded.€ÌÌ*€While€in€a€newsgroup€in€rn,€you€get€a€message:€"skipping€unavailable€Ìarticle."€€ÌÌThis€is€usually€an€article€that€somebody€posted€and€then€decided€to€Ìcancel.€ÌÌ*€€You€upload€a€text€file€to€your€Unix€host€system€for€use€in€a€Usenet€Ìmessage€or€e-mail,€and€when€you€or€your€recipient€reads€the€file,€every€Ìline€ends€with€a€^M.€ÌÌThis€happens€because€Unix€handles€line€endings€differently€than€MS-DOS€or€ÌMacintosh€computers.€€Most€Unix€systems€have€programs€to€convert€incoming€Ìfiles€from€other€computers.€To€use€it,€upload€your€file€and€then,€at€your€Ìcommand€line,€type€Ð  .±+0 Ї€€€€€dos2unix€filename€filename€€orÌ€€€€€mac2unix€filename€filenameÌÌdepending€on€which€kind€of€computer€you€are€using€and€where€filename€is€Ìthe€name€of€the€file€you've€just€uploaded.€€A€similar€program€can€prepare€Ìtext€files€for€downloading€to€your€computer,€for€example:ÌÌ€€€€€unix2dos€filename€filename€€orÌ€€€€€unix2mac€filename€filenameÌÌwill€ensure€that€a€text€file€you€are€about€to€get€will€not€come€out€Ìlooking€odd€on€your€computer.ÌÌ*€Nothing€happens€or€you€get€a€lot€of€garbage€on€your€screen€when€you€try€Ìto€download€a€file€with€Zmodem.€ÌÌUnfortunately,€transferring€files€over€high-speed€modems€can€still€Ìsometimes€be€troublesome.€Diagnosing€and€fixing€the€problem€often€means€Ìtinkering€with€settings€either€on€your€end€(for€example,€if€your€modem€Ìsupports€hardware€"handshaking"€but€your€telecom€program€is€set€for€Ìsoftware€"handshaking");€the€public-access€site's€end€(with€various€Ìflags)€or€both.€€The€best€thing€to€do€when€having€problems€is€to€send€e-Ìmail€to€your€system€administrator€or€post€a€message€in€your€site's€Ì"general"€or€"help"€newsgroup€if€there€is€one.€€€If€you're€having€a€Ìproblem,€chances€are€somebody€else€has€gone€through€the€same€thing€and€Ìcan€help€out.€€It€would€probably€make€sense€to€include€the€type€of€modem€Ìyou're€using€and€the€speed€at€which€it€connects.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ˆ Ôò ò4.11€FYIó óÔ%†ˆgAÔÐ ½e ÐÌÌLeanne€Phillips€periodically€posts€a€list€of€frequently€asked€questions€Ì(and€answers)€about€use€of€the€rn€killfile€function€in€the€Ìnews.newusers.questions€and€news.answers€newsgroups€on€Usenet.€€Bill€ÌWohler€posts€a€guide€to€using€the€nn€newsreader€in€the€news.answers€and€Ìnews.software€newsgroups.€€Look€in€the€news.announce.newusers€and€Ìnews.groups€newsgroups€on€Usenet€for€"A€Guide€to€Social€Newsgroups€and€ÌMailing€Lists,''€which€gives€brief€summaries€of€the€various€soc.€Ìnewsgroups.€ÌÌ"Managing€UUCP€and€Usenet,'€by€Tim€O'Reilly€and€Grace€Todino€(O'Reilly€&€ÌAssociates,€1992)€is€a€good€guide€for€setting€up€your€own€Usenet€system.€Ìchap3ÌÌÌÌÌÐ  .±+0 ÐÐ  X ÐÌÔ% € Ôò òChapter€5:€MAILING€LISTS€AND€BITNETó óÐ Aé Ѐ̀ÌÌÔ% ‡Š Ôò ò5.1€€INTERNET€MAILING€LISTSó óÔ%†Š²DÔÐ æŽ ÐÌÌUsenet€is€not€the€only€forum€on€the€Net.€€Scores€of€"mailing€lists"€€Ìrepresent€another€way€to€interact€with€other€Net€users.€€Unlike€Usenet€Ìmessages,€€which€are€stored€in€one€central€location€on€your€host€system's€Ìcomputer,€mailing-list€messages€are€delivered€right€to€your€e-mail€box.€ÌÌYou€have€to€ask€for€permission€to€join€a€mailing€list€--€although€Ìin€many€cases€that€means€only€sending€a€message€to€a€particular€computer,€Ìwhich€then€automatically€adds€you€to€the€list.€€Unlike€Usenet,€where€your€Ìmessage€is€distributed€to€the€world,€on€a€mailing€list,€you€send€your€Ìmessages€to€a€central€moderator,€who€either€re-mails€it€to€the€other€Ìpeople€on€the€list€or€uses€it€to€compile€a€periodic€"digest"€mailed€to€Ìsubscribers.€ÌÌGiven€the€number€of€newsgroups,€why€would€anybody€bother€with€a€mailing€Ìlist?€€Ì€ÌEven€on€Usenet,€there€are€some€topics€that€just€might€not€generate€enough€Ìinterest€for€a€newsgroup;€for€example,€the€Queen€list,€which€is€all€about€Ìthe€late€Freddie€Mercury's€band.€€ÌÌAnd€because€a€moderator€decides€who€can€participate,€a€mailing€list€can€Ìoffer€a€degree€of€freedom€to€speak€one's€mind€(or€not€worry€about€Ìnet.weenies)€that€is€not€necessarily€possible€on€Usenet.€€Several€groups€Ìoffer€anonymous€postings€--€only€the€moderator€knows€the€real€names€of€Ìpeople€who€contribute.€Examples€include€12Step,€where€people€enrolled€in€Ìsuch€programs€as€Alcoholics€Anonymous€can€discuss€their€experiences,€and€Ìsappho,€a€list€limited€to€gay€and€bisexual€women.€ÌÌYou€can€find€mailing€addresses€and€descriptions€of€these€lists€in€the€Ìnews.announce.newusers€newsgroup€with€the€subject€of€"Publicly€Accessible€ÌMailing€Lists."€€Mailing€lists€now€number€in€the€hundreds,€so€this€Ìposting€is€divided€into€several€parts.€€ÌÌIf€you€find€a€list€to€which€you€want€to€subscribe,€send€an€e-mail€message€Ìto€the€listed€address,€which€will€often€be€of€the€form€ÌÌ€€€€€list-request@address.site€ÌÌorÌ€€€€€Ì€€€€€majordomo@address.siteÐ  .²+0 Ї(majordomo€is€a€common€program€used€to€manage€mailing€lists).€If€you're€Ìwriting€to€a€list-request€address,€chances€are€good€your€message€will€go€Ìto€a€live€person.€€Ask€to€be€put€on€the€list€and€include€your€e-mail€Ìaddress,€just€in€case€something€happens€to€your€header.€€If€it's€a€Ìmajordomo€address,€you'll€typically€be€told€to€send€a€message€in€this€Ìform:€ÌÌ€€€€€subscribe€listnameÌÌwhere€"listname"€is€the€name€of€the€list.€€As€with€Usenet,€it's€generally€Ìa€good€idea€to€"listen"€to€the€messages€for€a€few€days€before€jumping€in.€€Ìonce€you€want€to€send€a€message€to€everybody€on€the€list,€send€it€to€ÌÌ€€€€€listname@address.siteÌÌIf€you€want€to€get€off€a€mailing€list,€write€to€the€same€address€you€used€Ìfor€subscribing€in€the€first€place,€only€this€time,€write€ÌÌ€€€€€unsubscribe€listname€ÌÌsubstituting€the€actual€name€of€the€mailing€list.€Ì€€ÌÌÔ% ‡Œ Ôò ò5.2€BITNETó óÔ%†ŒPÔÐ Gï Ѐ€€€Ì€ÌAs€if€Usenet€and€mailing€lists€were€not€enough,€there€are€Bitnet€Ì"discussion€groups"€or€"lists."€€ÌÌBitnet€is€an€international€network€linking€colleges€and€universities,€but€Ìit€uses€a€different€set€of€technical€protocols€for€distributing€Ìinformation€from€the€Internet€or€Usenet.€It€offers€hundreds€of€discussion€Ìgroups,€comparable€in€scope€to€Usenet€newsgroups.€€As€with€Internet€Ìmailing€lists,€Bitnet€discussions€take€place€in€e-mail.€However,€where€Ìmailing€lists€are€often€maintained€by€a€person,€all€Bitnet€discussion€Ìgroups€are€automated€--€you€subscribe€to€them€through€messages€to€a€Ì"listserver"€computer.€€This€is€a€kind€of€robot€moderator€that€controls€Ìdistribution€of€messages€on€the€list.€€In€many€cases,€it€also€maintains€Ìindexes€and€archives€of€past€postings€in€a€given€discussion€group,€which€Ìcan€be€handy€if€you€want€to€get€up€to€speed€with€a€discussion€or€just€Ìsearch€for€some€information€related€to€it.€ÌÌMany€Bitnet€discussion€groups€are€now€"translated"€into€Usenet€form€and€Ìcarried€through€Usenet€in€the€bit.listserv€hierarchy.€€In€general,€it's€Ìprobably€better€to€read€messages€through€Usenet€if€you€can.€€It€saves€Ìsome€storage€space€on€your€host€system's€hard€drives€as€well€as€reducing€Ìclutter€in€your€mailbox.€Think€of€opening€your€e-mailbox€one€day€to€find€Ì200€messages€in€it€--€199€of€them€from€a€discussion€group€and€one€of€them€Ìa€"real"€e-mail€message€that's€important€to€you.€Ð  .±+0 ЇSubscribing€and€canceling€subscriptions€is€done€through€an€e-mail€message€Ìto€the€listserver€computer.€€For€addressing,€all€listservers€are€known€as€Ì"listserv"€(yep)€at€some€Bitnet€address.€€This€means€you€will€have€to€add€Ì".bitnet"€to€the€end€of€the€address,€if€it's€in€a€form€like€this:€Ìlistserv@miamiu.€For€example,€if€you€have€an€interest€in€environmental€Ìissues,€you€might€want€to€subscribe€to€the€Econet€discussion€group.€€To€Ìsubscribe,€send€an€e-mail€message€to€Ì€Ì€€€€€listserv@miamiu.bitnetÌ€ÌSome€Bitnet€listservers€are€also€connected€to€the€Internet,€so€if€you€Ìsee€a€listserver€address€ending€in€".edu",€you€can€e-mail€the€Ìlistserver€without€adding€".bitnet"€to€the€end.€ÌÌAlways€leave€the€"subject:"€line€blank€in€a€message€to€a€listserver.€€ÌInside€the€message,€you€tell€the€listserver€what€you€want,€with€a€series€Ìof€simple€commands:€Ì€Ìsubscribe€group€Your€Name€€€€To€subscribe€to€a€list,€where€"group"Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€is€the€list€name€and€"Your€Name"€is€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€your€full€name,€for€example:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€subscribe€econet€Henry€FieldingÌ€Ìunsubscribe€group€Your€Name€€To€discontinue€a€group,€for€example:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€unsubscribe€econet€Henry€FieldingÌ€Ìlist€global€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€This€sends€you€a€list€of€all€available€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Bitnet€discussion€groups.€€But€be€careful€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€--€the€list€is€VERY€long!€Ì€Ìget€refcard€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sends€you€a€list€of€other€commands€you€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€can€use€with€a€listserver,€such€as€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€commands€for€retrieving€past€postings€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€from€a€discussion€group.€Ì€ÌEach€of€these€commands€goes€on€a€separate€line€in€your€message€(and€you€Ìcan€use€one€or€all€of€them).€€If€you€want€to€get€a€list€of€all€Bitnet€Ìdiscussion€groups,€send€e-mail€to€Ì€Ì€€€€€listserv@bitnic.educom.eduÌ€ÌLeave€the€"subject:"€line€blank€and€use€the€list€global€command.Ì€€€€€ÌWhen€you€subscribe€to€a€Bitnet€group,€there€are€two€important€differences€Ìfrom€Usenet.€ÌÌFirst,€when€you€want€to€post€a€message€for€others€to€read€in€the€Ìdiscussion€group,€you€send€a€message€to€the€group€name€at€its€Bitnet€Ìaddress.€€Using€Econet€as€an€example,€you€would€mail€the€message€to:€Ð .°+0 Ѐ̀€€€€econet@miamiu.bitnetÌ€ÌNote€that€this€is€different€from€the€listserv€address€you€used€to€Ìsubscribe€to€the€group€to€begin€with.€€Use€the€listserv€address€ONLY€to€Ìsubscribe€to€or€unsubscribe€from€a€discussion€group.€€If€you€use€the€Ìdiscussion-group€address€to€try€to€subscribe€or€unsubscribe,€your€message€Ìwill€go€out€to€every€other€subscriber,€many€of€whom€will€think€unkind€Ìthoughts,€which€they€may€share€with€you€in€an€e-mail€message).€ÌÌThe€second€difference€relates€to€sending€an€e-mail€message€to€the€author€Ìof€a€particular€posting.€€Usenet€newsreaders€such€as€rn€and€nn€let€you€do€Ìthis€with€one€key.€€But€if€you€hit€your€R€key€to€respond€to€a€discussion-Ìgroup€message,€your€message€will€go€to€the€listserver,€and€from€there€to€Ìeverybody€else€on€the€list!€€This€can€prove€embarrassing€to€you€and€Ìannoying€to€others.€To€make€sure€your€message€goes€just€to€the€person€who€Ìwrote€the€posting,€take€down€his€e-mail€address€from€the€posting€and€then€Ìcompose€a€brand-new€message.€Remember,€also,€that€if€you€see€an€e-mail€Ìaddress€like€IZZY@INDYVMS,€it's€a€Bitnet€address.€ÌÌTwo€Bitnet€lists€will€prove€helpful€for€delving€further€into€the€network.€€ÌNEW-LIST€tells€you€the€names€of€new€discussion€groups.€To€subscribe,€send€Ìa€message€to€listserv@ndsuvm1.bitnet:€Ì€Ì€€€€€sub€NEW-LIST€Your€NameÌ€ÌINFONETS€is€the€place€to€go€when€you€have€questions€about€Bitnet.€€It€is€Ìalso€€first€rate€for€help€on€questions€about€all€major€computer€networks€Ìand€how€to€reach€them.€€To€subscribe,€send€e-mail€to€Ìinfo-nets-request@think.com:€Ì€Ì€€€€€sub€INFONETS€Your€NameÌ€ÌBoth€of€these€lists€are€also€available€on€Usenet,€the€former€as€Ìbit.listserv.new-list;€the€latter€as€bit.listserv.infonets€(sometimes€Ìbit.listserv.info-nets).€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  ©'Q%) ÐÔ% €" Ôò òChapter€6:€TELNET€ó óÐ X Ð̀̀ÌÔ% ‡Ž Ôò ò6.1€€MINING€THE€NETó óÔ%†Ž%fÔÐ ý¥ ÐÌÌLike€any€large€community,€cyberspace€has€its€libraries,€places€you€can€go€Ìto€look€up€information€or€take€out€a€good€book.€€Telnet€is€one€of€your€Ìkeys€to€these€libraries.€ÌÌTelnet€is€a€program€that€lets€you€use€the€power€of€the€Internet€to€Ìconnect€you€to€databases,€library€catalogs,€and€other€information€Ìresources€around€the€world.€€Want€to€see€what€the€weather's€like€in€ÌVermont?€Check€on€crop€conditions€in€Azerbaijan?€Get€more€information€Ìabout€somebody€whose€name€you've€seen€online?€Telnet€lets€you€do€this,€Ìand€more.€€Increasingly,€information€once€available€only€via€telnet€is€Ìbeing€disseminated€by€the€World-Wide€Web€(see€Chapter€9)€--€but€it€can€Ìstill€be€useful€to€learn€your€way€around€telnet.ÌÌAlas,€there's€a€big€"but!''€€Unlike€the€phone€system,€Internet€is€not€yet€Ìuniversal;€€not€everybody€can€use€all€of€its€services.€€Almost€all€Ìcolleges€and€universities€on€the€Internet€provide€telnet€access.€€€So€do€Ìall€of€the€for-fee€public-access€systems€listed€in€Chapter€1.€But€the€ÌFree-Net€systems€do€not€give€you€access€to€every€telnet€system.€€And€if€Ìyou€are€using€a€public-access€UUCP€or€Usenet€site,€you€will€not€have€Ìaccess€to€telnet.€The€main€reason€for€this€is€cost.€€Connecting€to€the€ÌInternet€can€easily€cost€$1,000€or€more€for€a€leased,€high-speed€phone€Ìline.€Some€databases€and€file€libraries€can€be€queried€by€e-mail,€Ìhowever;€we'll€show€you€how€to€do€that€later€on.€In€the€meantime,€the€Ìrest€of€this€chapter€assumes€you€are€connected€to€a€site€with€at€least€Ìpartial€Internet€access.€Ì€€€€€ÌMost€telnet€sites€are€fairly€easy€to€use€and€have€online€help€systems.€ÌMost€also€work€best€(and€in€some€cases,€only)€with€VT100€emulation.€€ÌLet's€dive€right€in€and€try€one.ÌÌAt€your€host€system's€command€line,€typè̀€€€€telnet€access.usask.caÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€That's€all€you€have€to€do€to€connect€to€a€telnet€site!€€ÌIn€this€case,€you'll€be€connecting€to€a€service€known€as€Hytelnet,€which€Ìis€a€database€of€computerized€library€catalogs€and€other€databases€Ìavailable€through€telnet.€€You€should€see€something€like€this:̀̀€€€€Trying€128.233.3.1€...Ì€€€€€Connected€to€access.usask.ca.Ì€€€€€Escape€character€is€'^]'.Ð  .²+0 Ѐ̀€€€€Ultrix€UNIX€(access.usask.ca)̀̀€€€€login:€ÌÌEvery€telnet€site€has€two€addresses€--€one€composed€of€words€that€are€Ìeasier€for€people€to€remember;€the€other€a€numerical€address€better€Ìsuited€for€computers.€€The€"escape€character"€is€good€to€remember.€€When€Ìall€else€fails,€depressing€your€hitting€your€control€key€and€then€the€]€Ìkey€at€the€same€time€will€disconnect€you€and€return€you€to€your€host€Ìsystem.€€At€the€login€prompt€for€this€particular€site,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€€hytelnetÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You'll€see€something€like€this:̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Welcome€to€HYTELNET€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€version€6.2€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€...................Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€What€is€HYTELNET?€€€€€€€€€€€€€€.€€€€€€€€Up/Down€arrows€MOVE€Ì€€€Library€catalogs€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€.€€€€€€€€Left/Right€arrows€SELECTÌ€€€Other€resources€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€.€€€€€€€€?€for€HELP€anytimeÌ€€€Help€files€for€catalogs€€€€€€€€€.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€Catalog€interfaces€€€€€€€€€€€€€.€€€€€€€€m€returns€hereÌ€€€Internet€Glossary€€€€€€€€€€€€.€€€€€€€€q€quitsÌ€€€Telnet€tips€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€.€Ì€€€Telnet/TN3270€escape€keys€€.€Ì€€€Key-stroke€commands€€€€€€€€€€.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€........................Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€HYTELNET€6.2€was€written€by€Peter€Scott,Ì€€€€€€€€€U€of€Saskatchewan€Libraries,€Saskatoon,€Sask,€Canada.€€1992Ì€€€€€Unix€and€VMS€software€by€Earl€Fogel,€Computing€Services,€U€of€S€1992Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌThe€first€choice,€""€will€be€highlighted.€€Use€your€down€and€up€Ìarrows€to€move€the€cursor€among€the€choices.€€Hit€enter€when€you€decide€Ìon€one.€€You'll€get€another€menu,€which€in€turn€will€bring€up€text€files€Ìtelling€you€how€to€connect€to€sites€and€giving€any€special€commands€or€Ìinstructions€you€might€need.€€Hytelnet€does€have€one€quirk.€To€move€back€Ìto€where€you€started€(for€example,€from€a€sub-menu€to€a€main€menu),€hit€Ìthe€left-arrow€key€on€your€computer.€€ÌÌPlay€with€the€system.€€You€might€want€to€turn€on€your€computer's€screen-Ìcapture,€or€at€the€very€least,€get€out€a€pen€and€paper.€You're€bound€to€Ìrun€across€some€interesting€telnet€services€that€you'll€want€to€try€--€Ìand€you'll€need€their€telnet€"addresses.''€ÌÐ .°+0 ÐAs€you€move€around€Hytelnet,€it€may€seem€as€if€you€haven't€left€your€host€Ìsystem€--€telnet€can€work€that€quickly.€€Occasionally,€when€network€loads€Ìare€heavy,€however,€you€will€notice€a€delay€between€the€time€you€type€a€Ìcommand€or€enter€a€request€and€the€time€the€remote€service€responds.€ÌÌTo€disconnect€from€Hytelnet€and€return€to€your€system,€hit€your€q€key€and€Ìenter.€ÌÌSome€telnet€computers€are€set€up€so€that€you€can€only€access€them€through€Ìa€specific€"port."€€In€those€cases,€you'll€always€see€a€number€after€Ìtheir€name,€for€example:€€india.colorado.edu€13.€It's€important€to€Ìinclude€that€number,€because€otherwise,€you€may€not€get€in.€ÌÌIn€fact,€try€the€above€address.€Type€Ì€Ì€€€€€telnet€india.colorado.edu€13Ì€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You€should€see€something€like€this:̀̀€€€€Trying€128.138.140.44€...Ì€ÌFollowed€very€quickly€by€this:̀̀€€€€telnet€india.colorado.edu€13€Ì€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€Escape€character€is€'^]'.Ì€€€€€Sun€Jan€17€14:11:41€1994Ì€€€€€Connection€closed€by€foreign€host.Ì€€€€€ÌWhat€we€want€is€the€middle€line,€which€tells€you€the€exact€Mountain€ÌStandard€Time,€as€determined€by€a€government-run€atomic€clock€in€Boulder,€ÌColo.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌÔ% ‡ Ôò ò6.2€€LIBRARY€CATALOGSó óÔ%†5}ÔÐ J!ò" Ѐ€€€€ÌÌSeveral€hundred€libraries€around€the€world,€from€the€Snohomish€Public€ÌLibrary€in€Washington€State€to€the€Library€of€Congress€are€now€available€Ìto€you€through€telnet.€You€can€use€Hytelnet€to€find€their€names,€telnet€Ìaddresses€and€use€instructions.€ÌÌWhy€would€you€want€to€browse€a€library€you€can't€physically€get€to?€€Many€Ìlibraries€share€books,€so€if€yours€doesn't€have€what€you're€looking€for,€Ìyou€can€tell€the€librarian€where€he€or€she€can€get€it.€€Or€if€you€live€in€Ìan€area€where€the€libraries€are€not€yet€online,€you€can€use€telnet€to€do€Ìsome€basic€bibliographic€research€before€you€head€down€to€the€local€Ìbranch.€ÌÐ  .±+0 ÐThere€are€several€different€database€programs€in€use€by€online€libraries.€€ÌHarvard's€is€one€of€the€easier€ones€to€use,€so€let's€try€it.€ÌÌTelnet€to€hollis.harvard.edu.€€When€you€connect,€you'll€see:€Ì€ÌÌ€€€*****************€€€€€€€€H€A€R€V€A€R€D€€€U€N€I€V€E€R€S€I€T€Y€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€*****************€€€€€€€€€OFFICE€FOR€INFORMATION€TECHNOLOGY€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€***€€€€***€€€€***€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€***€VE€***€RI€***€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€***€€€€***€€€€***€€€€€€€€€HOLLIS€€€€(Harvard€OnLine€LIbrary€System)€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€*****€€€€€*****€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€****€TAS€****€€€€€€€€€€€HUBS€€€€€€(Harvard€University€Basic€Services)€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€***€€€***€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€*****€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€IU€€€€€€€€(Information€Utility)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€***€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CMS€€€€€€€(VM/CMS€Timesharing€Service)€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€**€HOLLIS€IS€AVAILABLE€WITHOUT€ACCESS€RESTRICTIONS€**€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€Access€to€other€applications€is€limited€to€individuals€who€have€been€€€€€€Ì€€€€€granted€specific€permission€by€an€authorized€person.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€To€select€one€of€the€applications€above,€type€its€name€on€the€command€€€€€Ì€€€€€line€followed€by€your€user€ID,€and€press€RETURN.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€**€HOLLIS€DOES€NOT€REQUIRE€A€USERID€**€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€EXAMPLES:€€€HOLLIS€(press€RETURN)€€or€€HUBS€userid€(press€RETURN)€€€€€€€€€Ì===>€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌTypè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€hollisÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You'll€see€several€screens€flash€by€quickly€until€finally€Ìthe€system€stops€and€you'll€get€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€WELCOME€TO€HOLLIS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(Harvard€OnLine€Library€Information€System)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€To€begin,€type€one€of€the€2-character€database€codes€listed€below:€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€HU€€€€€€Union€Catalog€of€the€Harvard€libraries€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€OW€€€€€€Catalog€of€Older€Widener€materials€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€LG€€€€€€Guide€to€Harvard€Libraries€and€Computing€Resources€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€AI€€€€€€Expanded€Academic€Index€(selective€1987-1988,€full€1989-€€)€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€LR€€€€€€Legal€Resource€Index€(1980-€€)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€PA€€€€€€PAIS€International€(1985-€€)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð 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Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€To€change€databases€from€any€place€in€HOLLIS,€type€CHOOSE€followed€by€a€€€€€€€Ì€2-character€database€code,€as€in:€€€€CHOOSE€HU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€For€general€help€in€using€HOLLIS,€type€HELP.€€€For€HOLLIS€news,€type€€€€€€€€€€Ì€HELP€NEWS.€€€For€HOLLIS€hours€of€operation,€type€HELP€HOURS.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€ALWAYS€PRESS€THE€ENTER€OR€RETURN€KEY€AFTER€TYPING€YOURÏCOMMAND€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌThe€first€thing€to€notice€is€the€name€of€the€system:€Hollis.€Librarians€Ìaround€the€world€seem€to€be€inordinately€found€of€cutesy,€Ìanthropomorphized€acronyms€for€their€machines€(not€far€from€Harvard,€the€Ìlibrarians€at€Brandeis€University€came€up€with€Library€On-Line€User€ÌInformation€Service,€or€Louis;€MIT€has€Barton).€ÌÌIf€you€want€to€do€some€general€browsing,€probably€the€best€bet€on€the€ÌHarvard€system€is€to€chose€HU,€which€gets€you€access€to€their€main€Ìholdings,€including€those€of€its€medical€libraries.€€Chose€that,€and€Ìyou'll€see€this:€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€THE€HARVARD€UNIVERSITY€LIBRARY€UNION€CATALOG€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€To€begin€a€search,€select€a€search€option€from€the€list€below€and€type€its€€€€Ì€code€on€the€command€line.€€Use€either€upper€or€lower€case.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€AU€€€€€€€€€€€Author€search€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€TI€€€€€€€€€€€Title€search€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€SU€€€€€€€€€€€Subject€search€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ME€€€€€€€€€€€Medical€subject€search€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€KEYWORD€€€€€€Keyword€search€options€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CALL€€€€€€€€€Call€number€search€options€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€OTHER€€€€€€€€Other€search€options€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€For€information€on€the€contents€of€the€Union€Catalog,€type€HELP.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€To€exit€the€Union€Catalog,€type€QUIT.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€A€search€can€be€entered€on€the€COMMAND€line€of€any€screen.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€ALWAYS€PRESS€THE€ENTER€OR€RETURN€KEY€AFTER€TYPING€YOURÏCOMMAND.€€€€€€Ì€ÌSay€you€want€to€see€if€Harvard€has€shed€the€starchy€legacy€of€the€ÌPuritans,€who€founded€the€school.€€Why€not€see€if€they€have€"The€Joy€of€ÌSex"€somewhere€in€their€stacks?€Type€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€TI€Joy€of€SexÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€This€comes€up:Ð 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Ѐ€€€€Telnet:€info.umd.eduÌÌChose€a€terminal€type€and€hit€enter€(or€just€hit€enter€if€you€are€using€ÌVT100).€€At€the€main€menu,€choose€the€number€next€to€"Educational€ÌResources."€Then€select€the€number€next€to€"International,"€followed€by€Ì"Factbook."€You€can€then€search€by€country€or€agency.€ÌÌThis€site€also€maintains€copies€of€the€U.S.€budget,€documents€related€to€Ìthe€North€American€Free€Trade€Agreement€and€other€government€initiatives.€ÌAt€the€"Educational€Resources"€menu,€select€the€number€next€to€"United€ÌStates"€and€then€the€one€next€to€"Government."€ÌÌThe€Access€Legislative€Information€Service€lets€you€browse€through€and€Ìlook€up€bills€before€the€Hawaiian€legislature.€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€access.uhcc.hawaii.eduÌ€ÌENVIRONMENTÌ€ÌEnvirolink€is€a€large€database€and€conference€system€about€the€Ìenvironment,€based€in€Pittsburgh.€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€envirolink.orgÌ€€€€€Log€on:€gopherÌÌThe€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€maintains€online€databases€of€Ìmaterials€related€to€hazardous€waste,€the€Clean€Lakes€program€and€cleanup€Ìefforts€in€New€England.€€The€agency€plans€to€eventually€include€cleanup€Ìwork€in€other€regions,€as€well.€€The€database€is€actually€a€computerized€Ìcard€catalog€of€EPA€documents€--€you€can€look€the€documents€up,€but€Ìyou'll€still€have€to€visit€your€regional€EPA€office€to€see€them.€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€epaibm.rtpnc.epa.govÌÌNo€password€or€user€name€is€needed.€€At€the€main€menu,€typè̀€€€€€€€€€publicÌ€Ìand€hit€enter€(there€are€other€listed€choices,€but€they€are€only€for€Ìuse€by€EPA€employees).€€You'll€then€see€a€one-line€menu.€€Type€Ì€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€ols€Ì€Ìand€hit€enter,€and€you'll€see€something€like€this:̀̀NET-106€Logon€to€TSO04€€€€in€progress.̀̀€€€DATABASES:Ì€€€€€€€€N€€€€€NATIONAL€CATALOG€€€€€€€€€CH€€€€CHEMICAL€COLL.€SYSTEMÐ 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Ѐ€€€€€€€H€€€€€HAZARDOUS€WASTE€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€REGION€IÌ€€€€€€€€L€€€€€CLEAN€LAKES̀̀€€€OTHER€OPTIONS:Ì€€€€€€€€?€€€€€HELPÌ€€€€€€€€Q€€€€€QUIT̀̀€ENTER€SELECTION€-->Ì€ÌChoose€one€and€you'll€get€a€menu€that€lets€you€search€by€document€title,€Ìkeyword,€year€of€publication€or€corporation.€€After€you€enter€the€search€Ìword€and€hit€enter,€you'll€be€told€how€many€matches€were€found.€€Hit€1€Ìand€then€enter€to€see€a€list€of€the€entries.€€To€view€the€bibliographic€Ìrecord€for€a€specific€entry,€hit€V€and€enter€and€then€type€the€number€of€Ìthe€record.€Ì€ÌThe€University€of€Michigan€maintains€a€database€of€newspaper€and€magazine€Ìarticles€related€to€the€environment,€with€the€emphasis€on€Michigan,€Ìdating€back€to€1980.€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€€hermes.merit.eduÌ€€€€€Host:€€mirlynÌ€€€€€Log€in:€meem€€Ì€ÌGEOGRAPHYÌ€ÌThe€University€of€Michigan€Geographic€Name€Server€can€provide€basic€Ìinformation,€such€as€population,€latitude€and€longitude€of€U.S.€cities€Ìand€many€mountains,€rivers€and€other€geographic€features.€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€martini.eecs.umich.edu€3000€ÌÌNo€password€or€user€name€is€needed.€Type€in€the€name€of€a€city,€a€Zip€Ìcode€or€a€geographic€feature€and€hit€enter.€€The€system€doesn't€like€Ìnames€with€abbreviations€in€them€(for€example,€Mt.€McKinley),€so€spell€Ìthem€out€(for€example,€Mount€McKinley).€ÌÌBy€typing€in€a€town's€name€or€zip€code,€you€can€find€out€a€community's€Ìcounty,€Zip€code€and€longitude€and€latitude.€Not€all€geographic€features€Ìare€yet€included€in€the€database.€Ì€ÌGOVERNMENTÌ€ÌThe€Library€of€Congress€Information€Service€lets€you€search€current€and€Ìpast€legislation€(dating€to€1982).€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€locis.loc.govÌ€€€€€Password:€none€needed.ÌÐ 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Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€topicsÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You'll€see€this:̀̀€€€€TOPICS€€€€€€€DESCRIPTIONÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€*€€NEWS€€€€€€€€€News€releasesÌ€€€€€*€€ENFORCE€€€€€€Enforcement€ReportÌ€€€€€*€€APPROVALS€€€€Drug€and€Device€Product€Approvals€listÌ€€€€€*€€CDRH€€€€€€€€€Centers€for€Devices€and€Radiological€Health€BulletinsÌ€€€€€*€€BULLETIN€€€€€Text€from€Drug€Bulletin€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€*€€AIDS€€€€€€€€€Current€Information€on€AIDSÌ€€€€€*€€CONSUMER€€€€€FDA€Consumer€magazine€index€and€selected€articlesÌ€€€€€*€€SUBJ-REG€€€€€FDA€Federal€Register€Summaries€by€Subject€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€*€€ANSWERS€€€€€€Summaries€of€FDA€information€€€€Ì€€€€€*€€INDEX€€€€€€€€Index€of€News€Releases€and€AnswersÌ€€€€€*€€DATE-REG€€€€€FDA€Federal€Register€Summaries€by€Publication€DateÌ€€€€€*€€CONGRESS€€€€€Text€of€Testimony€at€FDA€Congressional€HearingsÌ€€€€€*€€SPEECH€€€€€€€Speeches€Given€by€FDA€Commissioner€and€DeputyÌ€€€€€*€€VETNEWS€€€€€€Veterinary€Medicine€NewsÌ€€€€€*€€MEETINGS€€€€€Upcoming€FDA€MeetingsÌ€€€€€*€€IMPORT€€€€€€€Import€Alerts€Ì€€€€€*€€MANUAL€€€€€€€On-Line€User's€ManualÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌYou'll€be€able€to€search€these€topics€by€key€word€or€chronologically.€ÌIt's€probably€a€good€idea,€however,€to€capture€a€copy€of€the€manual,€Ìfirst,€because€the€way€searching€works€on€the€system€is€a€little€odd.€€To€Ìcapture€a€copy,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€manualÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€Then€typè̀€€€€€€€€scanÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You'll€see€this:̀̀€€€€FOR€LIST€OF€AVAILABLE€TOPICS€TYPE€TOPICSÌ€€€€€OR€ENTER€THE€TOPIC€YOU€DESIRE€==>̀̀€€€€MANUALÌ€€€€€BBSUSER€€€€Ì€€€€€08-OCT-91€€Ì€€€€€1€€BBS€User€Manual€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌAt€this€point,€turn€on€your€own€computer's€screen-capture€or€logging€Ìfunction€and€hit€your€1€key€and€then€enter.€€The€manual€will€begin€to€Ìscroll€on€your€screen,€pausing€every€24€lines.̀Р.°+0 ÐHIRING€AND€COLLEGE€PROGRAM€INFORMATIONÌ€ÌThe€Federal€Information€Exchange€in€Gaithersburg,€MD,€runs€two€systems€at€Ìthe€same€address:€FEDIX€and€MOLIS.€FEDIX€offers€research,€scholarship€and€Ìservice€information€for€several€federal€agencies,€including€NASA,€the€ÌDepartment€of€Energy€and€the€Federal€Aviation€Administration.€Several€Ìmore€federal€agencies€provide€minority€hiring€and€scholarship€Ìinformation.€MOLIS€provides€information€about€minority€colleges,€their€Ìprograms€and€professors.€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€fedix.fie.com€Ì€€€€€User€name:€€fedix€(for€the€federal€hiring€database)€orÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€molis€(for€the€minority-college€system)ÌÌBoth€use€easy€menus€to€get€you€to€information.Ì€ÌHISTORYÌ€ÌStanford€University€maintains€a€database€of€documents€related€to€Martin€ÌLuther€King.€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€€forsythetn.stanford.eduÌ€€€€€Account:€socrates̀̀€€€€At€the€main€menu,€typè̀€€€€€€€select€mlkÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.Ì€ÌSKI€REPORTSÌ€ÌSee€under€weather.Ì€ÌSPACEÌ€ÌNASA€Spacelink€in€Huntsville,€Ala.,€€provides€all€sorts€of€reports€and€Ìdata€about€NASA,€its€history€and€its€various€missions,€past€and€present.€€ÌYou'll€find€detailed€reports€on€every€single€probe,€satellite€and€mission€ÌNASA€has€ever€launched€along€with€daily€updates€and€lesson€plans€for€Ìteachers.€ÌÌThe€system€maintains€a€large€file€library€of€GIF-format€space€graphics,€Ìbut€€you€can't€download€these€through€telnet.€If€you€want€them,€you€have€Ìto€dial€the€system€directly,€at€(205)€895-0028.€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov€ÌÌWhen€you€connect,€you'll€be€given€an€overview€of€the€system€and€asked€to€Ð 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ЀÌYou€might€think€that€Usenet,€with€its€hundreds€of€newsgroups,€would€be€Ìenough€to€satisfy€the€most€dedicated€of€online€communicators.€ÌÌBut€there€are€a€number€of€"bulletin-board"€and€other€systems€that€provide€Ìeven€more€conferences€or€other€services,€many€not€found€directly€on€the€ÌNet.€€Some€are€free;€others€charge€for€access.€€They€include:€Ì€ÌCimarron.€€Run€by€the€Instituto€Technical€in€Monterey,€Mexico,€this€Ìsystem€has€Spanish€conferences,€but€English€commands,€as€you€can€see€from€Ìthis€menu€of€available€conferences:€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€List€of€BoardsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€Name€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Title€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€General€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Board€generalÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€Dudas€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Dudas€de€Cimarron€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€Comentarios€€€€€€€€€€Comentarios€al€SYSOPÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€Musica€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Para€los€afinados........Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€Libros€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€El€sano€arte€de€leer.....Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€Sistemas€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sistemas€Operativos€en€General.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€Virus€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Su€peor€enemigo......Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€Cultural€€€€€€€€€€€€€Espacio€Cultural€de€CimarronÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€NeXT€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€El€Mundo€de€NeXTÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€Ciencias€€€€€€€€€€€€€Solo€apto€para€Nerds.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€Inspiracion€€€€€€€€€€Para€los€Romanticos€e€Inspirados.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€Deportes€€€€€€€€€€€€€Discusiones€DeportivasÌ€ÌTo€be€able€to€write€messages€and€gain€access€to€files,€you€have€to€leave€Ìa€note€to€SYSOP€with€your€name,€address,€occupation€and€phone€number.€€To€Ìdo€this,€at€any€prompt,€hit€your€M€key€and€then€enter,€which€will€bring€Ìup€the€mail€system.€Hitting€H€brings€up€a€list€of€commands€and€how€to€use€Ìthem.€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€bugs.mty.itesm.mx€(8€p.m.€to€10€a.m.,€Eastern€time,€only).Ì€€€€€At€the€"login:"€prompt,€typè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€bbsÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.Ì€ÌCleveland€Free-Net.€€The€first€of€a€series€of€Free-Nets,€this€represents€Ð 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Ðan€ambitious€attempt€to€bring€the€Net€to€the€public.€Originally€an€in-Ìhospital€help€network,€it€is€now€sponsored€by€Case€Western€Reserve€ÌUniversity,€the€city€of€Cleveland,€the€state€of€Ohio€and€IBM.€It€uses€Ìsimple€menus,€similar€to€those€found€on€CompuServe,€but€organized€like€a€Ìcity:€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€<<<€CLEVELAND€FREE-NET€DIRECTORY€>>>€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€1€The€Administration€BuildingÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€2€The€Post€OfficeÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€3€Public€SquareÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€4€The€Courthouse€&€Government€CenterÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€5€The€Arts€Building€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€6€Science€and€Technology€CenterÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€7€The€Medical€Arts€Building€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€8€The€Schoolhouse€(Academy€One)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€9€The€Community€Center€&€Recreation€AreaÌ€€€€€€€€€€€10€The€Business€and€Industrial€ParkÌ€€€€€€€€€€€11€The€LibraryÌ€€€€€€€€€€€12€University€CircleÌ€€€€€€€€€€€13€The€Teleport€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€14€The€Communications€CenterÌ€€€€€€€€€€€15€NPTN/USA€TODAY€HEADLINE€NEWSÌ€€€€€€€€€€------------------------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€€€€h=Help,€x=Exit€Free-Net,€"go€help"=extended€helpÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€Your€Choice€==>Ì€ÌThe€system€has€a€vast€and€growing€collection€of€public€documents,€from€Ìcopies€of€U.S.€and€Ohio€Supreme€Court€decisions€to€the€Magna€Carta€and€Ìthe€U.S.€Constitution.€€It€links€residents€to€various€government€agencies€Ìand€has€daily€stories€from€USA€Today.€Beyond€Usenet€(found€in€the€ÌTeleport€area),€it€has€a€large€collection€of€local€conferences€on€Ìeverything€from€pets€to€politics.€€And€yes,€it's€free!€ÌÌ€€€€€Telnet:€freenet-in-a.cwru.edu€orÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€freenet-in-b.cwru.edu€orÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€freenet-in-c.cwru.eduÌ€ÌWhen€you€connect€to€Free-Net,€you€can€look€around€the€system.€€However,€Ìif€you€want€to€be€able€to€post€messages€in€its€conferences€or€use€e-mail,€Ìyou€will€have€to€apply€in€writing€for€an€account.€€Information€on€this€is€Ìavailable€when€you€connect.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌDUBBS.€€This€is€a€bulletin-board€system€in€Delft€in€the€Netherlands.€The€Ìconferences€and€files€are€mostly€in€Dutch,€but€the€help€files€and€the€Ìsystem€commands€themselves€are€in€English.€Ì€€€€€Telnet:€tudrwa.tudelft.nlÐ .°+0 ЀÌISCA€BBS.€€Run€by€the€Iowa€Student€Computer€Association,€it€has€more€than€Ì100€conferences,€including€several€in€foreign€languages.€€After€you€Ìregister,€hit€K€for€a€list€of€available€conferences€and€then€J€to€join€a€Ìparticular€conference€(you€have€to€type€in€the€name€of€the€conference,€Ìnot€the€number€next€to€it).€€Hitting€H€brings€up€information€about€Ìcommands.€Ì€€€€€Telnet€bbs.isca.uiowa.eduÌ€€€€€At€the€"login:"€prompt,€typè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€bbsÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.Ì€ÌYoungstown€Free-Net.€€The€people€who€created€Cleveland€Free-Net€sell€Ìtheir€software€for€$1€to€anybody€willing€to€set€up€a€similar€system.€A€Ìnumber€of€cities€now€have€their€own€Free-Nets,€including€Youngstown,€ÌOhio.€Telnet:€yfn.ysu.edu€At€the€"login:"€prompt,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€visitorÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌÌÔ% ‡– Ôò ò6.5€€PUTTING€THE€FINGER€ON€SOMEONEó óÔ%†–™ÔÐ 0Ø ЀÌFinger€is€a€handy€little€program€which€lets€you€find€out€more€about€Ìpeople€on€the€Net€--€and€lets€you€tell€others€on€the€Net€more€about€Ìyourself.€ÌÌFinger€uses€the€same€concept€as€telnet€or€ftp.€But€it€works€with€only€one€Ìfile,€called€.plan€(yes,€with€a€period€in€front).€€This€is€a€text€file€an€ÌInternet€user€creates€with€a€text€editor€in€his€home€directory.€€You€can€Ìput€your€phone€number€in€there,€tell€a€little€bit€about€yourself,€or€Ìwrite€almost€anything€at€all.€ÌÌTo€finger€somebody€else's€.plan€file,€type€this€at€the€command€line:€Ì€Ì€€€€€finger€email-addressÌ€Ìwhere€email-address€is€the€person's€e-mail€address.€€If€that€person's€Ìsite€allows€incoming€finger€requests€(not€all€do),€You'll€get€back€a€Ìdisplay€that€shows€the€last€time€the€person€was€online,€whether€Ìthey've€gotten€any€new€mail€since€that€time€and€what,€if€anything,€is€Ìin€their€.plan€file.ÌÌSome€people€and€institutions€have€come€up€with€creative€uses€for€these€Ì.plan€files,€letting€you€do€everything€from€checking€the€weather€in€ÌMassachusetts€to€getting€the€latest€baseball€standings.€€Try€fingering€Ð  .±+0 Ðthese€e-mail€addresses:€Ì€Ìweather@cirrus.mit.edu€€€€€€€€€€€€Latest€National€Weather€Service€weather€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€forecasts€for€regions€in€Massachusetts.Ì€Ìquake@geophys.washington.edu€€€€€€Locations€and€magnitudes€of€recent€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€earthquakes€around€the€world.€Ì€Ìjtchern@ocf.berkeley.edu€€€€€€€€€€Current€major-league€baseball€standings€and€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€results€of€the€previous€day's€games.Ì€Ìnasanews@space.mit.edu€€€€€€€€€€€€The€day's€events€at€NASA.Ì€Ìcoke@cs.cmu.edu€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€See€how€many€cans€of€each€type€of€sodaÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€are€left€in€a€particular€soda€machineÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€in€the€computer-science€department€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Carnegie-Mellon€University.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡˜ Ôò ò6.6€€FINDING€SOMEONE€ON€THE€NETó óÔ%†˜t ÔÐ £K ЀÌÌSo€you€have€a€friend€and€you€want€to€find€out€if€he€has€an€Internet€Ìaccount€to€which€you€can€write?€€The€quickest€way€may€be€to€just€pick€up€Ìthe€phone,€call€him€and€ask€him.€€Although€there€are€a€variety€of€"white€Ìpages"€services€available€on€the€Internet,€they€are€far€from€complete€--€Ìcollege€students,€users€of€commercial€services€such€as€CompuServe€and€Ìmany€Internet€public-access€sites,€and€many€others€simply€won't€be€Ìlisted.€€Major€e-mail€providers€are€working€on€a€universal€directory€Ìsystem,€but€that€could€be€some€time€away.€ÌÌIn€the€meantime,€a€couple€of€"white€pages"€services€might€give€you€some€Ìleads,€or€even€just€entertain€you€as€you€look€up€famous€people€or€long-Ìlost€acquaintances.€ÌÌThe€whois€directory€provides€names,€e-mail€and€postal€mail€address€and€Ìoften€phone€numbers€for€people€listed€in€it.€€To€use€it,€telnet€to€Ì€Ì€€€€€internic.netÌ€ÌNo€log-on€is€needed.€€The€quickest€way€to€use€it€is€to€typè̀€€€€whois€nameÌ€Ìat€the€prompt,€where€"name"€is€the€last€name€or€organization€name€you're€Ìlooking€for.€€If€there's€a€match,€you'll€get€back€an€e-mail€listing.ÌÌAnother€service€worth€trying,€especially€since€it€seems€to€give€beginners€Ìfewer€problems,€is€the€Knowbot€Information€Service€reachable€by€telnet€at€Ð  .±+0 Ѐ̀€€€€info.cnri.reston.va.us€185ÌÌAgain,€no€log-on€is€needed.€€This€service€actually€searches€through€a€Ìvariety€of€other€"white€pages"€systems,€including€the€user€directory€for€ÌMCIMail.€€To€look€for€somebody,€typè̀€€€€query€nameÌ€Ìwhere€"name"€is€the€last€name€of€the€person€you're€looking€for.€€You€can€Ìget€details€of€other€commands€by€hitting€a€question€mark€at€the€prompt.€ÌYou€can€also€use€the€knowbot€system€by€e-mail.€€Start€a€message€toÌÌ€€€€€netaddress@info.cnri.reston.va.usÌ€ÌYou€can€leave€the€"subject:"€line€blank.€As€your€message,€typeÌÌ€€€€€query€nameÌÌfor€the€simplest€type€of€search.€€If€you€want€details€on€more€complexÌsearches,€add€another€line:̀̀€€€€manÌÌAnother€way€to€search€is€via€the€Usenet€name€server.€This€is€a€system€at€ÌMIT€that€keeps€track€of€the€e-mail€addresses€of€everybody€who€posts€a€ÌUsenet€message€that€appears€at€MIT.€It€works€by€e-mail.€€Send€a€message€Ìto€Ì€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€mail-server@rtfm.mit.eduÌÌLeave€the€"subject:"€line€blank.€As€your€message,€write€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€send€usenet-addresses/lastnameÌÌwhere€"lastname"€is€the€last€name€of€the€person€you're€looking€for.€The€Ìsystem€will€write€back€with€any€matches€and€the€associated€addresses.Ì€ÌÌÔ% ‡š Ôò ò6.7€€WHEN€THINGS€GO€WRONGó óÔ%†šmÔÐ ×%#' ЀÌ*€Nothing€happens€when€you€try€to€connect€to€a€telnet€site.€€ÌÌThe€site€could€be€down€for€maintenance€or€problems.€ÌÌ*€You€get€a€"host€unavailable"€message.€€ÌÌThe€telnet€site€is€down€for€some€reason.€€Try€again€later.€ÌÐ  .±+0 Ð*€You€get€a€"host€unknown"€message.€€ÌÌCheck€your€spelling€of€the€site€name.€ÌÌ*€You€type€in€a€password€on€a€telnet€site€that€requires€one,€and€you€get€Ìa€"login€incorrect"€message.€€ÌÌTry€logging€in€again.€€If€you€get€the€message€again,€hit€your€control€and€Ì]€keys€at€the€same€time€to€disengage€and€return€to€your€host€system.€ÌÌ*€You€can't€seem€to€disconnect€from€a€telnet€site.€€ÌÌUse€control-]€to€disengage€and€return€to€your€host€system.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡œ Ôò ò6.8€€FYIó óÔ%†œqÔÐ ÿ§  ЀÌThe€Usenet€newsgroups€alt.internet.services€and€alt.bbs.internet€can€Ìprovide€pointers€to€new€telnet€systems.€€Scott€Yanoff€periodically€Ìposts€his€"Updated€Internet€Services€List"€in€the€former.€The€Ìalt.bbs.internet€newsgroup€is€also€where€you'll€find€Aydin€Edguer's€Ìcompendium€of€FAQs€related€to€Internet€bulletin-board€systems.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌPeter€Scott,€who€maintains€the€Hytelnet€database,€runs€a€mailing€list€Ìabout€new€telnet€services€and€changes€in€existing€ones.€€€To€get€on€the€Ìlist,€send€him€a€note€at€scott@sklib.usask.ca.€ÌÌGleason€Sackman€maintains€another€mailing€list€dedicated€to€new€Internet€Ìservices€and€news€about€the€new€uses€to€which€the€Net€is€being€put.€€To€Ìsubscribe,€send€a€message€to€listserv@internic.net.€Leave€the€"subject:"€Ìline€blank,€and€as€your€message,€write:€Sub€net-happenings€Your€Name.€ÌÌThe€soc.net-people€newsgroup€is€a€place€to€ask€about€people€you€can'tÌlocate€elsewhere.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  Á&i$( ÐÔ% €$ Ôò òChapter€7:€FTPó óÐ X Ѐ̀ÌÌÔ% ‡ž Ôò ò7.1€€TONS€OF€FILESó óÔ%†ž§ÔÐ ý¥ ÐÌhundreds€of€systems€connected€to€Internet€have€file€libraries,€or€Ìarchives,€accessible€to€the€public.€Much€of€this€consists€of€free€or€low-Ìcost€shareware€programs€for€virtually€every€make€of€computer.€€If€you€Ìwant€a€different€communications€program€for€your€IBM,€or€feel€like€Ìplaying€a€new€game€on€your€Amiga,€you'll€be€able€to€get€it€from€the€Net.Ì€€€€ÌBut€there€are€also€libraries€of€documents€as€well.€€If€you€want€a€copy€of€Ìa€recent€U.S.€Supreme€Court€decision,€you€can€find€it€on€the€Net.€€Copies€Ìof€historical€documents,€from€the€Magna€Carta€to€the€Declaration€of€ÌIndependence€are€also€yours€for€the€asking,€along€with€a€translation€of€a€Ìtelegram€from€Lenin€ordering€the€execution€of€rebellious€peasants.€€You€Ìcan€also€find€song€lyrics,€poems,€even€summaries€of€every€"Lost€in€Space"€Ìepisode€ever€made.€€You€can€also€find€extensive€files€detailing€Ìeverything€you€could€ever€possibly€want€to€know€about€the€Net€itself.€€ÌFirst€you'll€see€how€to€get€these€files;€then€we'll€show€you€where€Ìthey're€kept.€Ì€ÌIncreasingly,€you€can€get€these€files€via€gopher€or€the€World-Wide€ÌWeb€(see€Chapter€8€for€gopher;€Chapter€9€for€the€Web).€€But€it's€still€Ìgood€to€know€how€to€use€the€original€way€of€getting€files€across€the€Net:€Ìfile-transfer€protocol,€or€FTP,€because€there€is€still€a€large€Ìnumber€of€files€stil€stored€on€FTP€sites.ÌÌStarting€ftp€is€as€easy€as€using€telnet.€At€your€host€system's€command€Ìline,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€ftp€site.nameÌ€Ìand€hit€enter,€where€"site.name"€is€the€address€of€the€ftp€site€you€want€Ìto€reach.€€One€major€difference€between€telnet€and€ftp€is€that€it€is€Ìconsidered€bad€form€to€connect€to€most€ftp€sites€during€their€business€Ìhours€(generally€6€a.m.€to€6€p.m.€local€time).€€This€is€because€Ìtransferring€files€across€the€network€takes€up€considerable€computing€Ìpower,€which€during€the€day€is€likely€to€be€needed€for€whatever€the€Ìcomputer's€main€function€is.€€There€are€some€ftp€sites€that€are€Ìaccessible€to€the€public€24€hours€a€day,€though.€€You'll€find€these€noted€Ìin€the€list€of€ftp€sites€in€section€7.6.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡  Ôò ò7.2€€YOUR€FRIEND€ARCHIEó óÔ%† ú$ÔÐ O+÷(- ÐÌÌHow€do€you€find€a€file€you€want,€though?Ð  .³+0 ЇUntil€a€few€years€ago,€this€could€be€quite€the€pain€--€there€was€no€Ìmaster€directory€to€tell€you€where€a€given€file€might€be€stored€on€the€ÌNet.€Who'd€want€to€slog€through€hundreds€of€file€libraries€looking€for€Ìsomething?€ÌÌAlan€Emtage,€Bill€Heelan€and€Peter€Deutsch,€students€at€McGill€University€Ìin€Montreal,€asked€the€same€question.€€Unlike€the€weather,€though,€they€Ìdid€something€about€it.€ÌÌThey€created€a€database€system,€called€archie,€that€would€periodically€Ìcall€up€file€libraries€and€basically€find€out€what€they€had€available.€€ÌIn€turn,€anybody€could€dial€into€archie,€type€in€a€file€name,€and€see€Ìwhere€on€the€Net€it€was€available.€Archie€currently€catalogs€some€1,000€Ìfile€libraries€around€the€world.€ÌÌToday,€there€are€three€ways€to€ask€archie€to€find€a€file€for€you:€through€Ìtelnet,€"client"€Archie€program€on€your€own€host€system€or€e-mail.€€All€Ìthree€methods€let€you€type€in€a€full€or€partial€file€name€and€will€tell€Ìyou€where€on€the€Net€it's€stored.€ÌÌIf€you€have€access€to€telnet,€you€can€telnet€to€one€of€the€following€Ìaddresses:€archie.mcgill.ca;€archie.sura.net;€archie.unl.edu;€Ìarchie.ans.net;€or€archie.rutgers.edu.€€If€asked€for€a€log-in€name,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€archieÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.Ì€€€€€ÌWhen€you€connect,€the€key€command€is€prog,€which€you€use€in€this€form:€Ì€Ì€€€€€prog€filenameÌ€ÌFollowed€by€enter,€where€"filename"€is€the€program€or€file€you're€looking€Ìfor.€If€you're€unsure€of€a€file's€complete€name,€try€typing€in€part€of€Ìthe€name.€For€example,€"PKZIP"€will€work€as€well€as€"PKZIP204.EXE."€€The€Ìsystem€does€not€support€DOS€or€Unix€wildcards.€€If€you€ask€archie€to€look€Ìfor€"PKZIP*,"€it€will€tell€you€it€couldn't€find€anything€by€that€name.€€ÌOne€thing€to€keep€in€mind€is€that€a€file€is€not€necessarily€the€same€as€a€Ìprogram€--€it€could€also€be€a€document.€€This€means€you€can€use€archie€to€Ìsearch€for,€say,€everything€online€related€to€the€Beetles,€as€well€as€Ìcomputer€programs€and€graphics€files.€ÌÌA€number€of€Net€sites€now€have€their€own€archie€programs€that€take€your€Ìrequest€for€information€and€pass€it€onto€the€nearest€archie€database€--€Ìask€your€system€administrator€if€she€has€it€online.€These€"client"€Ìprograms€seem€to€provide€information€a€lot€more€quickly€than€the€actual€Ìarchie€itself!€€If€it€is€available,€at€your€host€system's€command€line,€Ìtype€Ì€Ð .°+0 Ѐ€€€€archie€-s€filenameÌ€Ìwhere€filename€is€the€program€or€document€you're€looking€for,€and€hit€Ìenter.€€The€-s€tells€the€program€to€ignore€case€in€a€file€name€and€lets€Ìyou€search€for€partial€matches.€You€might€actually€want€to€type€it€this€Ìway:€Ì€Ì€€€€€archie€-s€filename|moreÌ€Ìwhich€will€stop€the€output€every€screen€(handy€if€there€are€many€sites€Ìthat€carry€the€file€you€want).€€Or€you€could€open€a€file€on€your€computer€Ìwith€your€text-logging€function.€ÌÌThe€third€way,€for€people€without€access€to€either€of€the€above,€is€e-Ìmail.€Send€a€message€to€archie@quiche.cs.mcgill.ca.€You€can€leave€the€Ìsubject€line€blank.€€Inside€the€message,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€prog€filenameÌ€Ìwhere€filename€is€the€file€you're€looking€for.€€You€can€ask€archie€to€Ìlook€up€several€programs€by€putting€their€names€on€the€same€"prog"€line,€Ìlike€this:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€prog€file1€file2€file3Ì€€€€€€ÌWithin€a€few€hours,€archie€will€write€back€with€a€list€of€the€appropriate€Ìsites.€ÌÌIn€all€three€cases,€if€there€is€a€system€that€has€your€file,€you'll€get€a€Ìresponse€that€looks€something€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€Host€sumex-aim.stanford.edù̀€€€€Location:€/info-mac/commÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€FILE€-rw-r--r--€€€€€258256€€Feb€15€17:07€€zterm-09.hqxÌ€€€€€Location:€/info-mac/miscÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€FILE€-rw-r--r--€€€€€€€7490€€Sep€12€1991€€zterm-sys7-color-icons.hqxÌ€ÌChances€are,€you€will€get€a€number€of€similar€looking€responses€for€each€Ìprogram.€€The€"host"€is€the€system€that€has€the€file.€€The€"Location"€Ìtells€you€which€directory€to€look€in€when€you€connect€to€that€system.€€ÌIgnore€the€funny-looking€collections€of€r's€and€hyphens€for€now.€€After€Ìthem,€come€the€size€of€the€file€or€directory€listing€in€bytes,€the€date€Ìit€was€uploaded,€and€the€name€of€the€file.€€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡¢ Ôò ò7.3€€GETTING€THE€FILESó óÔ%†¢~5ÔÐ 6,Þ). ÐÌNow€you€want€to€get€that€file.Ð  .±+0 ЇAssuming€your€host€site€does€have€ftp,€you€connect€in€a€similar€fashion€Ìto€telnet,€by€typing:€Ì€Ì€€€€€ftp€sumex-aim.stanford.eduÌ€Ì(or€the€name€of€whichever€site€you€want€to€reach).€Hit€enter.€€If€the€Ìconnection€works,€you'll€see€this:€Ì€Ì€€Connected€to€sumex-aim.stanford.edu.Ì€€220€SUMEX-AIM€FTP€server€(Version€4.196€Mon€Jan€13€13:52:23€PST€1992)€ready.Ì€€Name€(sumex-aim.stanford.edu:adamg):€Ì€ÌIf€nothing€happens€after€a€minute€or€so,€hit€control-C€to€return€to€your€Ìhost€system's€command€line.€€But€if€it€has€worked,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€anonymousÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You'll€see€a€lot€of€references€on€the€Net€to€Ì"anonymous€ftp."€This€is€how€it€gets€its€name€--€you€don't€really€have€Ìto€tell€the€library€site€what€your€name€is.€The€reason€is€that€these€Ìsites€are€set€up€so€that€anybody€can€gain€access€to€certain€public€Ìfiles,€while€letting€people€with€accounts€on€the€sites€to€log€on€and€Ìaccess€their€own€personal€files.€€Next,€you'll€be€asked€for€your€Ìpassword.€€As€a€password,€use€your€e-mail€address.€€This€will€then€come€Ìup:€Ì€€€€€Ì€€€€€230€Guest€connection€accepted.€Restrictions€apply.Ì€€€€€Remote€system€type€is€UNIX.Ì€€€€€Using€binary€mode€to€transfer€files.Ì€€€€€ftp>̀̀ÌNow€type€Ì€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€lsÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You'll€see€something€awful€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€200€PORT€command€successful.Ì€€€€€150€Opening€ASCII€mode€data€connection€for€/bin/ls.Ì€€€€€total€2636Ì€€€€€-rw-rw-r--€€1€0€€€€€€€€31€€€€€€€€€€€4444€Mar€€3€11:34€README.POSTINGÌ€€€€€dr-xr-xr-x€€2€0€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€512€Nov€€8€11:06€binÌ€€€€€-rw-r--r--€€1€0€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€11030960€Apr€€2€14:06€coreÌ€€€€€dr--r--r--€€2€0€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€512€Nov€€8€11:06€etcÌ€€€€€drwxrwsr-x€€5€13€€€€€€€22€€€€€€€€€€€€512€Mar€19€12:27€imapÌ€€€€€drwxr-xr-x€25€1016€€€€€31€€€€€€€€€€€€512€Apr€€4€02:15€info-macÌ€€€€€drwxr-x---€€2€0€€€€€€€€31€€€€€€€€€€€1024€Apr€€5€15:38€pidÌ€€€€€drwxrwsr-x€13€0€€€€€€€€20€€€€€€€€€€€1024€Mar€27€14:03€pubÐ .°+0 Ѐ€€€€drwxr-xr-x€€2€1077€€€€€20€€€€€€€€€€€€512€Feb€€6€€1989€tmycinÌ€€€€€226€Transfer€complete.Ì€€€€€ftp>€Ì€ÌAck!€Let's€decipher€this€Rosetta€Stone.ÌÌFirst,€ls€is€the€ftp€command€for€displaying€a€directory€(you€can€actually€Ìuse€dir€as€well,€but€if€you're€used€to€MS-DOS,€this€could€lead€to€Ìconfusion€when€you€try€to€use€dir€on€your€host€system,€where€it€won't€Ìwork,€so€it's€probably€better€to€just€remember€to€always€use€ls€for€a€Ìdirectory€while€online).€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌThe€very€first€letter€on€each€line€tells€you€whether€the€listing€is€for€a€Ìdirectory€or€a€file.€If€the€first€letter€is€a€``d,''€or€an€"l",€it's€a€Ìdirectory.€Otherwise,€it's€a€file.€ÌÌThe€rest€of€that€weird€set€of€letters€and€dashes€consist€of€"flags"€that€Ìtell€the€ftp€site€who€can€look€at,€change€or€delete€the€file.€You€can€Ìsafely€ignore€it.€You€can€also€ignore€the€rest€of€the€line€until€you€get€Ìto€the€second€number,€the€one€just€before€the€date.€This€tells€you€how€Ìlarge€the€file€is,€in€bytes.€If€the€line€is€for€a€directory,€the€Ì€number€gives€you€a€rough€indication€of€how€many€items€are€in€that€Ìdirectory€€--€a€directory€listing€of€512€bytes€is€relatively€small.€Next€Ìcomes€the€date€the€file€or€directory€was€uploaded,€followed€(finally!)€by€Ìits€name.€ÌÌNotice€the€README.POSTING€file€up€at€the€top€of€the€directory.€Most€Ìarchive€sites€have€a€"read€me"€document,€which€usually€contains€some€Ìbasic€information€about€the€site,€its€resources€and€how€to€use€them.€ÌLet's€get€this€file,€both€for€the€information€in€it€and€to€see€how€to€Ìtransfer€files€from€there€to€here.€At€the€ftp>€prompt,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€get€READMEÌÌand€hit€enter.€Note€that€ftp€sites€are€no€different€from€Unix€sites€in€Ìgeneral:€they€are€case-sensitive.€You'll€see€something€like€this:€ÌÌ€€200€PORT€command€successful.€Ì€€150€Opening€BINARY€mode€data€connection€for€README€(4444€bytes).€Ì€€226€Transfer€complete.€4444€bytes€received€in€1.177seconds€(3.8€Kbytes/s)Ì€ÌAnd€that's€it!€The€file€is€now€located€in€your€home€directory€on€your€host€Ìsystem,€from€which€you€can€now€download€it€to€your€own€computer.€The€Ìsimple€"get"€command€is€the€key€to€transferring€a€file€from€an€archive€Ìsite€to€your€host€system.€ÌÌIf€you€want€to€download€more€than€one€file€at€a€time€(say€a€series€of€Ìdocuments,€use€mget€instead€of€get;€for€example:€ÌÐ .°+0 Ѐ€€€€mget€*.txtÌÌThis€will€transfer€copies€of€every€file€ending€with€.txt€in€the€givenÌdirectory.€€Before€each€file€is€copied,€you'll€be€asked€if€you're€sureÌyou€want€it.€€Despite€this,€mget€could€still€save€you€considerable€Ìtime€--€you€won't€have€to€type€in€every€single€file€name.€If€you€want€toÌsave€even€more€time,€and€are€sure€you€really€want€ALL€of€the€given€files,€ÌtypeÌÌ€€€€€promptÌÌbefore€you€do€the€mget€command.€This€will€turn€off€the€prompt,€and€all€Ìthe€files€will€be€zapped€right€into€your€home€directory.€ÌÌThere€is€one€other€command€to€keep€in€mind.€€If€you€want€to€get€a€copy€of€Ìa€computer€program,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€binÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€This€tells€the€ftp€site€and€your€host€site€that€you€are€Ìsending€a€binary€file,€i.e.,€a€program.€€Most€ftp€sites€now€use€binary€Ìformat€as€a€default,€but€it's€a€good€idea€to€do€this€in€case€you've€Ìconnected€to€one€of€the€few€that€doesn't.€ÌÌTo€switch€to€a€directory,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€cd€directory-nameÌ€Ì(substituting€the€name€of€the€directory€you€want€to€access)€and€hit€Ìenter.€Type€Ì€Ì€€€€€ls€Ì€Ìand€hit€enter€to€get€the€file€listing€for€that€particular€directory.€€ÌTo€move€back€up€the€directory€tree,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€cd€..€Ì€Ì(note€the€space€between€the€d€and€the€first€period)€and€hit€enter.€€Or€Ìyou€could€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€cdup€Ì€Ìand€hit€enter.€€Keep€doing€this€until€you€get€to€the€directory€of€Ìinterest.€€Alternately,€if€you€already€know€the€directory€path€of€the€Ìfile€you€want€(from€our€friend€archie),€after€you€connect,€you€could€Ìsimply€typè̀€€€€get€directory/subdirectory/filenameÐ .°+0 ЀÌOn€many€sites,€files€meant€for€public€consumption€are€in€the€pub€or€Ìpublic€directory;€sometimes€you'll€see€an€info€directory.€ÌÌAlmost€every€site€has€a€bin€directory,€which€at€first€glance€sounds€like€Ìa€bin€in€which€interesting€stuff€might€be€dumped.€€But€it€actually€stands€Ìfor€"binary"€and€is€simply€a€place€for€the€system€administrator€to€store€Ìthe€programs€that€run€the€ftp€system.€Lost+found€is€another€directory€Ìthat€looks€interesting€but€actually€never€has€anything€of€public€interest€Ìin€them.€ÌÌBefore,€you€saw€how€to€use€archie.€€From€our€example,€you€can€see€that€Ìsome€system€administrators€go€a€little€berserk€when€naming€files.€ÌFortunately,€there's€a€way€for€you€to€rename€the€file€as€it's€being€Ìtransferred.€Using€our€archie€example,€you'd€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€get€zterm-sys7-color-icons.hqx€zterm.hqxÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€Instead€of€having€to€deal€constantly€with€a€file€called€Ìzterm-sys7-color-icons.hqx,€you'll€now€have€one€called,€simply,€Ìzterm.hqx.ÌÌThose€last€three€letters€bring€up€something€else:€Many€program€files€are€Ìcompressed€to€save€on€space€and€transmission€time.€€In€order€to€actually€Ìuse€them,€you'll€have€to€use€an€un-compress€program€on€them€first.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡¤ Ôò ò7.4€€ODD€LETTERS€--€DECODING€FILE€ENDINGSó óÔ%†¤WQÔÐ ë“ ÐÌÌThere€are€a€wide€variety€of€compression€methods€in€use.€€You€can€tell€Ìwhich€method€was€used€by€the€last€one€to€three€letters€at€the€end€of€a€Ìfile.€Here€are€some€of€the€more€common€ones€and€what€you'll€need€to€un-Ìcompress€the€files€they€create€(most€of€these€decompression€programs€can€Ìbe€located€through€archie).€ÌÌ.txt€or€.TXT€€By€itself,€this€means€the€file€is€a€document,€rather€than€a€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€program.€ÌÌ.ps€or€.PS€€€€A€PostScript€document€(in€Adobe's€page€description€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€language).€€You€can€print€this€file€on€any€PostScript€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€capable€printer,€or€use€a€previewer,€like€GNU€project's€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€GhostScript.€ÌÌ.doc€or€.DOC€€Another€common€"extension"€for€documents.€€No€decompression€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€is€needed,€unless€it€is€followed€by:ÌÌ.Z€€€€€€€€€€€€This€indicates€a€Unix€compression€method.€To€uncompress,€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€typeÐ  .±+0 Ї€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€uncompress€filename.ZÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€hit€enter€at€your€host€system's€command€line.€If€theÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€file€is€a€compressed€text€file,€you€can€read€it€online€byÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€instead€typingÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€zcat€filename.txt.Z€|moreÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€u16.zip€is€an€MS-DOS€program€that€will€let€you€download€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€such€a€file€and€uncompress€it€on€your€own€computer.€TheÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Macintosh€equivalent€program€is€called€MacCompress€(useÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€archie€to€find€these).ÌÌ.zip€or€.ZIP€€These€indicate€the€file€has€been€compressed€with€a€commonÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€MS-DOS€compression€program,€known€as€PKZIP€(use€archie€toÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€find€PKZIP204.EXE).€€Many€Unix€systems€will€let€you€un-ZIPÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€a€file€with€a€program€called,€well,€unzip.ÌÌ.gz€€€€€€€€€€€A€Unix€version€of€ZIP.€€To€uncompress,€typeÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€gunzip€filename.gzÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€at€your€host€system's€command€line.ÌÌ.zoo€or€.ZOO€€A€Unix€and€MS-DOS€compression€format.€€Use€a€program€called€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€zoo€to€uncompressÌÌ.Hqx€or€.hqx€€Mactintosh€compression€format.€Requires€the€BinHex€program.ÌÌ.shar€or€€€€€€Another€Unix€format.€Use€unshar€to€uncompress.Ì.SharÌÌ.tar€€€€€€€€€€Another€Unix€format,€often€used€to€compress€several€relatedÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€files€into€one€large€file.€Most€Unix€systems€will€have€a€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€program€called€tar€for€"un-tarring"€such€files.€€Often,€a€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"tarred"€file€will€also€be€compressed€with€the€gz€method,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€so€you€first€have€to€use€uncompress€and€then€tar.ÌÌ.sit€or€.Sit€€A€Mactinosh€format€that€requires€the€StuffIt€program.ÌÌ.ARC€€€€€€€€€€Another€MS-DOS€format,€which€requires€the€use€of€the€ARCÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€or€ARCE€programs.ÌÌ.LHZ€€€€€€€€€€Another€MS-DOS€format;€requires€the€use€of€LHARC.ÌÌA€few€last€words€of€caution:€Check€the€size€of€a€file€before€you€get€it.€ÌThe€Net€moves€data€at€phenomenal€rates€of€speed.€€But€that€500,000-byte€Ìfile€that€gets€transferred€to€your€host€system€in€a€few€seconds€could€Ìtake€more€than€an€hour€or€two€to€download€to€your€computer€if€you're€Ð .°+0 Ðusing€a€2400-baud€modem.€€Your€host€system€may€also€have€limits€on€the€Ìamount€of€bytes€you€can€store€online€at€any€one€time.€€Also,€although€it€Ìis€really€extremely€unlikely€you€will€ever€get€a€file€infected€with€a€Ìvirus,€if€you€plan€to€do€much€downloading€over€the€Net,€you'd€be€wise€to€Ìinvest€in€a€good€anti-viral€program,€just€in€case.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡¦ Ôò ò7.5€€THE€KEYBOARD€CABALó óÔ%†¦¸^ÔÐ ·_ Ѐ̀ÌSystem€administrators€are€like€everybody€else€--€they€try€to€make€things€Ìeasier€for€themselves.€€And€when€you€sit€in€front€of€a€keyboard€all€day,€Ìthat€can€mean€trying€everything€possible€to€reduce€the€number€of€keys€you€Ìactually€have€to€hit€each€day.€ÌÌUnfortunately,€that€can€make€it€difficult€for€the€rest€of€us.ÌÌYou've€already€read€about€bin€and€lost+found€directories.€Etc€is€another€Ìseemingly€interesting€directory€that€turns€out€to€be€another€place€to€Ìstore€files€used€by€the€ftp€site€itself.€€Again,€nothing€of€any€real€Ìinterest.€ÌÌThen,€once€you€get€into€the€actual€file€libraries,€you'll€find€that€in€Ìmany€cases,€files€will€have€such€non-descriptive€names€as€V1.1-AK.TXT.€€ÌThe€best€known€example€is€probably€a€set€of€several€hundred€files€known€Ìas€RFCs,€which€provide€the€basic€technical€and€organizational€information€Ìon€which€much€of€the€Internet€is€built.€€These€files€can€be€found€on€many€Ìftp€sites,€but€always€in€a€form€such€as€RFC101.TXT,€RFC102.TXT€and€so€on,€Ìwith€no€clue€whatsoever€as€to€what€information€they€contain.€ÌÌFortunately,€almost€all€ftp€sites€have€a€"Rosetta€Stone"€to€help€you€Ìdecipher€these€names.€€Most€will€have€a€file€named€README€(or€some€Ìvariant)€that€gives€basic€information€about€the€system.€€Then,€most€Ìdirectories€will€either€have€a€similar€README€file€or€will€have€an€index€Ìthat€does€give€brief€descriptions€of€each€file.€€These€are€usually€the€Ìfirst€file€in€a€directory€and€often€are€in€the€form€00INDEX.TXT.€€Use€the€Ìftp€command€to€get€this€file.€€You€can€then€scan€it€online€or€download€it€Ìto€see€which€files€you€might€be€interested€in.€ÌÌAnother€file€you€will€frequently€see€is€called€ls-lR.Z.€€This€contains€a€Ìlisting€of€every€file€on€the€system,€but€without€any€descriptions€(the€Ìname€comes€from€the€Unix€command€ls€-lR,€which€gives€you€a€listing€of€all€Ìthe€files€in€all€your€directories).€€The€Z€at€the€end€means€the€file€has€Ìbeen€compressed,€which€means€you€will€have€to€use€a€Unix€un-compress€Ìcommand€before€you€can€read€the€file.€ÌÌAnd€finally,€we€have€those€system€administrators€who€almost€seem€to€Ìdelight€in€making€things€difficult€--€the€ones€who€take€full€advantage€of€ÌUnix's€ability€to€create€absurdly€long€file€names.€€On€some€FTP€sites,€Ð  .±+0 Ðyou€will€see€file€names€as€long€as€80€characters€or€so,€full€of€capital€Ìletters,€underscores€and€every€other€orthographic€device€that€will€make€Ìit€almost€impossible€for€you€to€type€the€file€name€correctly€when€you€try€Ìto€get€it.€Your€secret€weapon€here€is€the€mget€command.€€Just€type€mget,€Ìa€space,€and€the€first€five€or€six€letters€of€the€file€name,€followed€by€Ìan€asterisk,€for€example:€Ì€Ì€€€€€mget€This_F*Ì€ÌThe€FTP€site€will€ask€you€if€you€want€to€get€the€file€that€begins€with€Ìthat€name.€If€there€are€several€files€that€start€that€way,€you€might€have€Ìto€answer€'n'€a€few€times,€but€it's€still€easier€than€trying€to€recreate€Ìa€ludicrously€long€file€name.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡¨ Ôò ò7.6€€SOME€INTERESTING€FTP€SITESó óÔ%†¨qjÔÐ ÿ§  ЀÌÌWhat€follows€is€a€list€of€some€interesting€ftp€sites,€arranged€by€Ìcategory.€With€hundreds€of€ftp€sites€now€on€the€Net,€however,€this€list€Ìbarely€scratches€the€surface€of€what€is€available.€€Liberal€use€of€archie€Ìwill€help€you€find€specific€files.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌThe€times€listed€for€each€site€are€in€Eastern€time€and€represent€the€Ìperiods€during€which€it€is€considered€acceptable€to€connect.€Ì€ÌAMIGA€Ì€Ì€€€€€ftp.uu.net€€Has€Amiga€programs€in€the€systems/amiga€directory.€Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.ÌÌ€€€€€wuarchive.wustl.edu.€€Look€in€the€pub/aminet€directory.Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.ÌÌATARÌ̀€€€€atari.archive.umich.edu€€Find€almost€all€the€Atari€files€you'll€ever€Ìneed,€in€the€atari€directory.€Ì€€€€€7€p.m.€-€7€a.m.Ì€ÌBOOKS€Ì€Ì€€€€€rtfm.mit.edu€€€The€pub/usenet/rec.arts.books€directories€has€Ìreading€lists€for€various€authors€as€well€as€lists€of€recommended€Ìbookstores€in€different€cities.€€Unfortunately,€this€site€uses€incredibly€Ìlong€file€names€--€so€long€they€may€scroll€off€the€end€of€your€screen€if€Ìyou€are€using€an€MS-DOS€or€certain€other€computers.€€Even€if€you€want€Ìjust€one€of€the€files,€it€probably€makes€more€sense€to€use€mget€than€get.€€ÌThis€way,€you€will€be€asked€on€each€file€whether€you€want€to€get€it;€Ð  .±+0 Ðotherwise€you€may€wind€up€frustrated€because€the€system€will€keep€telling€Ìyou€the€file€you€want€doesn't€exist€(since€you€may€miss€the€end€of€its€Ìname€due€to€the€scrolling€problem).€Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu€€Project€Gutenberg€is€an€effort€to€translate€Ìpaper€texts€into€electronic€form.€€Already€available€are€more€than€100€Ìtitles,€from€works€by€Lewis€Carrol€to€Mark€Twain;€from€"A€Tale€of€Two€ÌCities"€to€"Son€of€Tarzan."€€Look€in€the€/etext/etext92€and€Ì/etext/etext93€directories.Ì€€€€€€6€p.m.€-€9€a.m.ÌÌCOMPUTER€ETHICS̀̀€€€€ftp.eff.org€€The€home€of€the€Electronic€Frontier€Foundation.€€Use€cd€Ìto€get€to€the€pub€directory€and€then€look€in€the€EFF,€SJG€and€CPSR€Ìdirectories€for€documents€on€the€EFF€itself€and€various€issues€related€to€Ìthe€Net,€ethics€and€the€law.Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.Ì€ÌCONSUMER̀̀€€€€rtfm.mit.edu€€The€pub/usenet/misc.consumers€directory€has€Ìdocuments€related€to€credit.€€The€pub/usenet/rec.travel.air€directory€Ìwill€tell€you€how€to€deal€with€airline€reservation€clerks,€find€the€best€Ìprices€on€seats,€etc.€€See€under€Books€for€a€caveat€in€using€this€ftp€Ìsite.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.Ì€ÌCOOKING̀̀€€€€wuarchive.wustl.edu€€Look€for€recipes€and€recipe€directories€in€the€Ìusenet/rec.food.cooking/recipes€directory.€Ì€Ì€€€€€gatekeeper.dec.com€€Recipes€are€in€the€pub/recipes€directory.Ì€ÌECONOMICSÌÌ€€€€€neeedc.umesbs.maine.edu€€The€Federal€Reserve€Bank€of€Boston€uses€Ìthis€site€(yes,€there€are€three€'e's€in€"neeedc")€to€house€all€sorts€of€Ìdata€on€the€New€England€economy.€€Many€files€contain€20€years€or€more€of€Ìinformation,€usually€in€forms€that€are€easily€adaptable€to€spreadsheet€or€Ìdatabase€files.€€Look€in€the€frbb€directory.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.ÌÌ€€€€€town.hall.org.€€Look€in€the€edgar€directory€for€the€beginnings€of€a€Ìsystem€to€distribute€annual€reports€and€other€data€publicly€held€Ìcompanies€are€required€to€file€with€the€Securities€and€Exchange€ÌCommission.€€The€other/fed€directory€holds€various€statistical€files€from€Ð .°+0 Ðthe€Federal€Reserve€Board.ÌÌFTP̀̀€€€€iraun1.ira.uka.de€€Run€by€the€computer-science€department€of€the€ÌUniversity€of€Karlsruhe€in€Germany,€this€site€offers€lists€of€anonymous-ÌFTP€sites€both€internationally€(in€the€anon.ftp.sites€directory)€and€in€ÌGermany€(in€anon.ftp.sites.DE).€Ì€€€€€12€p.m.€to€2€a.m.̀̀€€€€ftp.netcom.com€€The€pub/profiles€directory€has€lists€of€ftp€sites.Ì€ÌGOVERNMENT̀̀€€€€ncsuvm.cc.ncsu.edu€€The€SENATE€directory€contains€bibliographic€Ìrecords€of€U.S.€Senate€hearings€and€documents€for€the€past€several€ÌCongresses.€€Get€the€file€README.DOS9111,€which€will€explain€the€cryptic€Ìfile€names.€€Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.̀̀€€€€nptn.org€€The€General€Accounting€Office€is€the€investigative€wing€of€ÌCongress.€€The€pub/e.texts/gao.reports€directory€represents€an€experiment€Ìby€the€agency€to€use€ftp€to€distribute€its€reports.€€Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.ÌÌ€€€€€info.umd.edu€€The€info/Government/US/Whitehouse€directory€has€copiesÌof€press€releases€and€other€documents€from€the€Clinton€administration.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.ÌÌ€€€€€leginfo.public.ca.gov€€This€is€a€repository€of€legislative€Ìcalendars,€bills€and€other€information€related€to€state€government€in€ÌCalifornia.Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.ÌÌ€€€€€whitehouse.gov€€Look€for€copies€of€presidential€position€papers,€Ìtranscripts€of€press€conferences€and€related€information€here.Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.ÌÌ€€€€€See€also€under€law.ÌÌHISTORỲ̀€€€€nptn.org€€This€site€has€a€large,€growing€collecting€of€text€files.€€ÌIn€the€pub/e.texts/freedom.shrine€directory,€you'll€find€copies€of€Ìimportant€historical€documents,€from€the€Magna€Carta€to€the€Declaration€Ìof€Independence€and€the€Emancipation€Proclamation.€€Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.̀̀€€€€ra.msstate.edu€€Mississippi€State€maintains€an€eclectic€database€of€Ð .°+0 Ðhistorical€documents,€detailing€everything€from€Attilla's€battle€strategy€Ìto€songs€of€soldiers€in€Vietnam,€in€the€docs/history€directory.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.̀̀€€€€seq1.loc.gov€€The€Library€of€Congress€has€acquired€numerous€Ìdocuments€from€the€former€Soviet€government€and€has€translated€many€of€Ìthem€into€English.€€In€the€pub/soviet.archive/text.english€directory,€Ìyou'll€find€everything€from€€telegrams€from€Lenin€ordering€the€death€ofÌpeasants€to€Khrushchev's€response€to€Kennedy€during€the€Cuban€missile€Ìcrisis.€The€README€file€in€the€pub/soviet.archive€directory€provides€an€Ìindex€to€the€documents.€Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.Ì€ÌHONG€KONG̀̀€€€€€nok.lcs.mit.edu€€GIF€pictures€of€Hong€Kong€pop€stars,€buildings€Ìand€vistas€are€available€in€the€pub/hongkong/HKPA€directory.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.Ì€ÌINTERNET̀̀€€€€ftp.eff.org€The€pub/Net_info€directory€has€a€number€of€sub-Ìdirectories€containing€various€Internet€resources€guides€and€information€Ìfiles,€including€the€latest€online€version€of€the€Big€Dummy's€Guide.€Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.̀̀€€€€nic.ddn.mil€The€internet-drafts€directory€contains€information€about€ÌInternet,€while€the€scc€directory€holds€network€security€bulletins.€Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.Ì€€€€€ÌLAẀ̀€€€€info.umd.edu€€U.S.€Supreme€Court€decisions€from€1989€to€the€present€Ìare€stored€in€the€info/Government/US/SupremeCt€directory.€€Each€term€has€Ìa€separate€directory€(for€example,€term1992).€€Get€the€README€and€Index€Ìfiles€to€help€decipher€the€case€numbers.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.̀̀€€€€ftp.uu.net€€Supreme€Court€decisions€are€in€the€court-opinions€Ìdirectory.€€You'll€want€to€get€the€index€file,€which€tells€you€which€file€Ìnumbers€go€with€which€file€names.€€The€decisions€come€in€WordPerfect€and€ÌAtex€format€only.€Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours€a€day.Ì€ÌLIBRARIES̀̀€€€€ftp.unt.edu€€The€library€directory€contains€numerous€lists€of€Ìlibraries€with€computerized€card€catalogs€accessible€through€the€Net.€€Ì€Ð .°+0 ÐLITERATURÈ̀€€€€nptn.org€€In€the€pub/e.texts/gutenberg/etext91€and€etext92€Ìdirectories,€you€can€get€copies€of€Aesop's€Fables,€works€by€Lewis€Carroll€Ìand€other€works€of€literature,€as€well€as€the€Book€of€Mormon.€€Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.̀̀€€€€world.std.com€€The€obi€directory€has€everything€from€online€fables€Ìto€accounts€of€Hiroshima€survivors.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.Ì€ÌMACINTOSH€Ì€Ì€€€€€sumex-aim.stanford.edu€€This€is€the€premier€site€for€Macintosh€Ìsoftware.€€After€you€log€in,€switch€to€the€info-mac€directory,€which€will€Ìbring€up€a€long€series€of€sub-directories€of€virtually€every€free€and€Ìshareware€Mac€program€you€could€ever€want.€Ì€€€€€9€p.m.€-€9€a.m.̀̀€€€€ftp.uu.net€€€You'll€find€lots€of€Macintosh€programs€in€the€Ìsystems/mac/simtel20€directory.€Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours€a€day.Ì€ÌMOVIE€REVIEWS̀̀€€€€lcs.mit.edu€€Look€in€the€movie-reviews€directory.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.ÌÌMS-DOS€Ì€Ì€€€€€wuarchive.wustl.edu€€This€carries€one€of€the€world's€largest€Ìcollections€of€MS-DOS€software.€The€files€are€actually€copied,€or€Ì"mirrored"€€from€a€computer€at€the€U.S.€Army's€White€Sands€Missile€Range€Ì(which€uses€ftp€software€that€is€totally€incomprehensible).€€It€also€Ìcarries€large€collections€of€Macintosh,€Windows,€Atari,€Amiga,€Unix,€OS9,€ÌCP/M€and€Apple€II€software.€€Look€in€the€mirrors€and€systems€directories.€€ÌThe€gif€directory€contains€a€large€number€of€GIF€graphics€images.€Ì€€€€€Accessible€24€hours.̀̀€€€€ftp.uu.net€€€Look€for€MS-DOS€programs€and€files€in€the€Ìsystems/msdos/simtel20€directory.€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours€a€day.Ì€ÌMUSIC̀̀€€€€cs.uwp.edu€€The€pub/music€directory€has€everything€from€lyrics€of€Ì€contemporary€songs€to€recommended€CDs€of€baroque€music.€It's€a€little€Ì€different€-€and€easier€to€navigate€-€than€other€ftp€sites.€€File€and€Ì€directory€names€are€on€the€left,€while€on€the€right,€you'll€find€a€brief€Ð .°+0 Ѐdescription€of€the€file€or€directory.ÌÌ€€€€€potemkin.cs.pdx.edu€€The€Bob€Dylan€archive.€€Interviews,€notes,€Ìyear-by-year€accounts€of€his€life€and€more,€in€the€pub/dylan€directory.€Ì€€€€€9€p.m.€-€9€a.m.̀̀€€€€ftp.nevada.edu€€Guitar€chords€for€contemporary€songs€are€in€the€Ìpub/guitar€directory,€in€subdirectories€organized€by€group€or€artist.€Ì€ÌNATIVE€AMERICANSÌÌ€€€€€€pines.hsu.edu€€Home€of€IndianNet,€this€site€contains€a€variety€Ìof€directories€and€files€related€to€Indians€and€Eskimos,€including€Ìfederal€census€data,€research€reports€and€a€tribal€profiles€database.€ÌLook€in€the€pub€and€indian€directories.ÌÌPETS̀̀€€€€rtfm.mit.edu€The€pub/usenet/rec.pets.dogs€and€Ìpub/usenet.rec.pets.cats€directories€have€documents€on€the€respective€Ìanimals.€€See€under€Books€for€a€caveat€in€using€this€ftp€site.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.Ì€ÌPICTURES̀̀€€€€wuarchiv.wustl.edu€€The€graphics/gif€directory€contains€hundreds€of€ÌGIF€photographic€and€drawing€images,€from€cartoons€to€cars,€space€images€Ìto€pop€stars.€€These€are€arranged€in€a€long€series€of€subdirectories.Ì€ÌPHOTOGRAPHỲ̀€€€€ftp.nevada.edu€€Photolog€is€an€online€digest€of€photography€news,€in€Ìthe€pub/photo€directory.Ì€ÌRELIGION€Ì€Ì€€€€€nptn.org€€In€the€pub/e.texts/religion€directory,€you'll€find€Ìsubdirectories€for€chapters€and€books€of€both€the€Bible€and€the€Koran.€Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.Ì€ÌSCIENCE€FICTIOǸ̀€€€€elbereth.rutgers.edu€€In€the€pub/sfl€directory,€you'll€find€plot€Ìsummaries€for€various€science-fiction€TV€shows,€including€Star€Trek€(not€Ìonly€the€original€and€Next€Generation€shows,€but€the€cartoon€version€as€Ìwell),€Lost€in€Space,€Battlestar€Galactica,€the€Twilight€Zone,€the€ÌPrisoner€and€Doctor€Who.€€There€are€also€lists€of€various€things€related€Ìto€science€fiction€and€an€online€science-fiction€fanzine.€€€€Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.Ð .°+0 ЀÌSEX̀̀€€€€rtfm.mit.edu€€Look€in€the€pub/usenet/alt.sex€and€Ìpub/usenet/alt.sex.wizards€directories€for€documents€related€to€all€Ìfacets€of€sex.€€See€under€Books€for€a€caveat€in€using€this€ftp€site.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.Ì€ÌSHAKESPEARÈ̀€€€€atari.archive.umich.edu€€The€shakespeare€directory€contains€most€of€Ìthe€Bard's€works.€€A€number€of€other€sites€have€his€works€as€well,€but€Ìgenerally€as€one€huge€mega-file.€€This€site€breaks€them€down€into€various€Ìcategories€(comedies,€poetry,€histories,€etc.)€so€that€you€can€download€Ìindividual€plays€or€sonnets.€Ì€ÌSPACÈ̀€€€€ames.arc.nasa.gov€€Stores€text€files€about€space€and€the€history€of€Ìthe€NASA€space€program€in€the€pub/SPACE€subdirectory.€€In€the€pub/GIF€Ìand€pub/SPACE/GIF€directories,€you'll€find€astronomy-€and€NASA-related€ÌGIF€files,€including€pictures€of€planets,€satellites€and€other€celestial€Ìobjects.Ì€€€€€9€p.m.€-€9€a.m.Ì€ÌTV̀̀€€€€coe.montana.edu€€The€pub/TV/Guides€directory€has€histories€and€other€Ìinformation€about€dozens€of€TV€shows.€€Only€two€anonymous-ftp€log-ins€are€Ìallowed€at€a€time,€so€you€might€have€to€try€more€than€once€to€get€in.Ì€€€€€8€p.m.€-€8€a.m.̀̀€€€€ftp.cs.widener.edu€€The€pub/simpsons€directory€has€more€files€than€Ì€anybody€could€possibly€need€about€Bart€and€family.€€The€pub/strek€Ì€directory€has€files€about€the€original€and€Next€Generation€shows€as€well€Ì€as€the€movies.Ì€€€€€€See€also€under€Science€Fiction.Ì€ÌTRAVEL̀̀€€€€nic.stolaf.edu€€Before€you€take€that€next€overseas€trip,€you€might€Ìwant€to€see€whether€the€State€Department€has€issued€any€kind€of€advisory€Ìfor€the€countries€on€your€itinerary.€€The€advisories,€which€cover€Ìeverything€from€hurricane€damage€to€civil€war,€are€in€the€pub/travel-Ìadvisories/advisories€directory,€arranged€by€country.Ì€€€€€7€p.m.€-€7€a.m.Ì€ÌUSENET̀Р.°+0 Ѐ€€€€ftp.uu.net€€In€the€usenet€directory,€you'll€find€"frequently€asked€Ìquestions"€files,€copied€from€rtfm.mit.edu.€The€communications€Ìdirectory€holds€programs€that€let€MS-DOS€users€connect€directly€with€UUCP€Ìsites.€In€the€info€directory,€you'll€find€information€about€ftp€and€ftp€Ìsites.€€The€inet€directory€contains€information€about€Internet.€Ì€€€€€Available€24€hours.̀̀€€€€rtfm.mit.edu€€This€site€contains€all€available€"frequently€Ìasked€questions"€files€for€Usenet€newsgroups€in€the€pub/usenet€directory.€€ÌSee€under€Books€for€a€caveat€in€using€this€ftp€site.Ì€€€€€6€p.m.€-€6€a.m.Ì€ÌVIRUSES€Ì€€€€€Ì€€€€€ftp.unt.edu€€The€antivirus€directory€has€anti-virus€programs€for€MS-ÌDOS€and€Macintosh€computers.€Ì€€€€€7€p.m.€-€7€a.m.Ì€ÌWEATHER̀̀€€€€wuarchive.wustl.edu€€€The€/multimedia/images/wx€directory€contains€GIF€Ìweather€images€of€North€America.€€Files€are€updated€hourly€and€take€this€Ìgeneral€form:€CV100222.€€The€first€two€letters€tell€the€type€of€file:€CV€Ìmeans€it€is€a€visible-light€photo€taken€by€a€weather€satellite.€€CI€Ìimages€are€similar,€but€use€infrared€light.€€Both€these€are€in€black€and€Ìwhite.€€Files€that€begin€with€SA€are€color€radar€maps€of€the€U.S.€that€Ìshow€severe€weather€patterns€but€also€fronts€and€temperatures€in€major€Ìcities.€€The€numbers€indicate€the€date€and€time€(in€GMT€-€five€hours€Ìahead€of€EST)€of€the€image:€the€first€two€numbers€represent€the€month,€Ìthe€next€two€the€date,€the€last€two€the€hour.€The€file€WXKEY.GIF€explains€Ìthe€various€symbols€in€SA€files.Ì€ÌÌÔ% ‡ª Ôò ò7.7€€ncftp€--€NOW€YOU€TELL€ME!ó óÔ%†ªâ¡ÔÐ a ! ÐÌ€€€€€ÌIf€you're€lucky,€the€people€who€run€your€host€system€or€public-access€Ìsite€have€installed€a€program€called€ncftp,€which€takes€some€of€the€edges€Ìoff€the€ftp€process.€ÌÌFor€starters,€when€you€use€ncftp€instead€of€plain€old€ftp,€you€no€longer€Ìhave€to€worry€about€misspelling€"anonymous"€when€you€connect.€€The€Ìprogram€does€it€for€you.€€And€once€you're€in,€instead€of€getting€line€Ìafter€line€filled€with€dashes,€x's,€r's€and€d's,€you€only€get€listings€of€Ìthe€files€or€directories€themselves€(if€you're€used€to€MS-DOS,€the€Ìdisplay€you€get€will€be€very€similar€to€that€produced€by€the€dir/w€Ìcommand).€€The€program€even€creates€a€list€of€the€ftp€sites€you've€used€Ìmost€recently,€so€you€can€pick€from€that€list,€instead€of€trying€to€Ìremember€some€incredibly€complex€ftp€site€name.€Ð  .±+0 ЇLaunching€the€program,€assuming€your€site€has€it,€is€easy.€€At€the€Ìcommand€prompt,€type€ÌÌ€€€€€ncftp€sitenameÌÌwhere€"sitename"€is€the€site€you€want€to€reach€(alternately,€you€could€Ìtype€just€ncftp€and€then€use€its€open€command).€€Once€connected,€you€can€Ìuse€the€same€ftp€commands€you've€become€used€to,€such€as€ls,€get€and€Ìmget.€€Entries€that€end€in€a€/€are€directories€to€which€you€can€switch€Ìwith€cd;€others€are€files€you€can€get.€A€couple€of€useful€ncftp€commands€Ìinclude€type,€which€lets€you€change€the€type€of€file€transfer€(from€ASCII€Ìto€binary€for€example)€and€size,€which€lets€you€see€how€large€a€file€is€Ìbefore€you€get€it,€for€exampleÌÌ€€€€€size€declaration.txtÌÌwould€tell€you€how€large€the€declaration.txt€file€is€before€you€get€it.€€ÌWhen€you€say€"bye"€to€disconnect€from€a€site,€ncftp€remembers€the€last€Ìdirectory€you€were€in,€so€that€the€next€time€you€connect€to€the€site,€you€Ìare€put€back€into€that€directory€automatically.€If€you€type€ÌÌ€€€€€helpÌÌyou'll€get€a€list€of€files€you€can€read€to€extend€the€power€of€the€Ìprogram€even€further.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡¬ Ôò ò7.8€PROJECT€GUTENBERG€--€ELECTRONIC€BOOKSó óÔ%†¬©ÔÐ ë“ ÐÌProject€Gutenberg,€coordinated€by€Michael€Hart,€has€a€fairly€ambitious€Ìgoal:€to€make€more€than€10,000€books€and€other€documents€available€Ìelectronically€by€the€year€2001.€€In€1993,€the€project€uploaded€an€Ìaverage€of€four€books€a€month€to€its€ftp€sites;€in€1994,€they€hope€to€Ìdouble€the€pace.€ÌÌBegun€in€1971,€the€project€already€maintains€a€"library"€of€hundreds€of€Ìbooks€and€stories,€from€Aesop's€Fables€to€"Through€the€Looking€Glass"€Ìavailable€for€the€taking.€€It€also€has€a€growing€number€of€current-Ìaffairs€documents,€such€as€the€CIA's€annual€"World€Factbook"€almanac.€ÌÌBesides€nptn.org,€Project€Gutenberg€texts€can€be€retrieved€from€Ìmrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu€in€the€etext€directory.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡® Ôò ò7.9€€WHEN€THINGS€GO€WRONGó óÔ%†®ª¬ÔÐ e* (, ÐÌ€Ì*€You€get€a€"host€unavailable"€message.€€The€ftp€site€is€down€for€some€Ìreason.€€Ð  .²+0 ЇTry€again€later.ÌÌ*€You€get€a€"host€unknown"€message.€€ÌÌCheck€your€spelling€of€the€site€name.€ÌÌ*€You€misspell€"anonymous"€when€logging€in€and€get€a€message€telling€you€Ìa€password€is€required€for€whatever€you€typed€in.€€ÌÌType€something€in,€hit€enter,€type€bye,€hit€enter,€and€try€again.€ÌAlternately,€try€typing€"ftp"€instead€of€"anonymous."€€It€will€work€on€a€Ìsurprising€number€of€sites.€Or€just€use€ncftp,€if€your€site€has€it,€and€Ìnever€worry€about€this€again.€ÌÌ*You€connect€to€a€site,€but€then€the€site€promptly€disconnects€you.€ÌÌTry€again€in€a€few€minutes.€€As€the€internet€becomes€more€popular,€more€Ìand€more€sites€are€being€overloaded€by€the€demand.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡° Ôò ò7.10€€FYIó óÔ%†°°ÔÐ Œ4 ЀÌLiberal€use€of€archie€will€help€you€find€specific€files€or€documents.€€ÌFor€information€on€new€or€interesting€ftp€sites,€try€the€comp.archives€Ìnewsgroup€on€Usenet.€€You€can€also€look€in€the€comp.misc,€Ìcomp.sources.wanted€or€news.answers€newsgroups€on€Usenet€for€lists€of€ftp€Ìsites€posted€every€month€by€Tom€Czarnik€and€Jon€Granrose.€Ì€ÌThe€comp.archives€newsgroup€carries€news€of€new€ftp€sites€and€interesting€Ìnew€files€on€existing€sites.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌIn€the€comp.virus€newsgroup€on€Usenet,€look€for€postings€that€list€ftp€Ìsites€carrying€anti-viral€software€for€Amiga,€MS-DOS,€Macintosh,€Atari€Ìand€other€computers.€ÌÌThe€comp.sys.ibm.pc.digest€and€comp.sys.mac.digest€newsgroups€provide€Ìinformation€about€new€MS-DOS€and€Macintosh€programs€as€well€as€answers€to€Ìquestions€from€users€of€those€computers.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  e* (, ÐÔ% €& Ôò òChapter€8:€€GOPHERS€AND€WAISsó óÐ X ÐÌÌÌÔ% ‡² Ôò ò8.1€GOPHERSó óÔ%†²ê³ÔÐ ý¥ ÐÌÌEven€with€tools€like€Hytelnet€and€archie,€telnet€and€ftp€can€still€be€Ìfrustrating.€€There€are€all€those€telnet€and€ftp€addresses€to€remember.€€ÌTelnet€services€often€have€their€own€unique€commands.€€And,€oh,€those€Ìweird€directory€and€file€names!€ÌÌBut€now€that€the€Net€has€become€a€rich€repository€of€information,€people€Ìare€developing€ways€to€make€it€far€easier€to€find€and€retrieve€Ìinformation€and€files.€Gophers€and€Wide-Area€Information€Servers€(WAISs)€Ìare€two€services€that€are€helping€to€make€the€internet€far€easier€to€Ìuse.ÌÌBoth€gophers€and€WAISs€essentially€take€a€request€for€information€and€Ìthen€scan€the€Net€for€it,€so€you€don't€have€to.€€Both€also€work€through€Ìmenus€--€instead€of€typing€in€some€long€sequence€of€characters,€you€just€Ìmove€a€cursor€to€your€choice€and€hit€enter.€€Gophers€even€let€you€select€Ìfiles€and€programs€from€ftp€sites€this€way.€ÌÌLet's€first€look€at€gophers€(named€for€the€official€mascot€of€thE€ÌUniversity€of€Minnesota,€where€the€system€was€developed).€€Most€Ìpublic-access€sites€now€have€gophers€online.€€To€use€one,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€gopherÌ€Ìat€the€command€prompt€and€hit€enter.€€If€you€know€your€site€does€not€have€Ìa€gopher,€or€if€nothing€happens€when€you€type€that,€telnet€to€Ì€Ì€€€€€consultant.micro.umn.eduÌ€ÌAt€the€login€prompt,€typè̀€€€€gopherÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You'll€be€asked€what€type€of€terminal€emulation€you're€Ìusing,€after€which€you'll€see€something€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Internet€Gopher€Information€Client€v1.03€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Root€gopher€server:€gopher.micro.umn.edu€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€-->€€1.€€Information€About€Gopher/Ì€€€€€€2.€€Computer€Information/€€€€Ì€€€€€€3.€€Discussion€Groups/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð  .²+0 Ѐ€€€€€4.€€Fun€&€Games/€€Ì€€€€€€5.€€Internet€file€server€(ftp)€sites/Ì€€€€€€6.€€Libraries/Ì€€€€€€7.€€News/€€€€€Ì€€€€€€8.€€Other€Gopher€and€Information€Servers/Ì€€€€€€9.€€Phone€Books/€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€10.€Search€lots€of€places€at€the€U€of€M€€Ì€€€€€€11.€University€of€Minnesota€Campus€Information/€Ì€ÌPress€?€for€Help,€q€to€Quit,€u€to€go€up€a€menu€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Page:€1/1Ì€ÌAssuming€you're€using€VT100€or€some€other€VT€emulation,€you'll€be€able€to€Ìmove€among€the€choices€with€your€up€and€down€arrow€keys.€€When€you€have€Ìyour€cursor€on€an€entry€that€looks€interesting,€just€hit€enter,€and€Ìyou'll€either€get€a€new€menu€of€choices,€a€database€entry€form,€or€a€text€Ìfile,€depending€on€what€the€menu€entry€is€linked€to€(more€on€how€to€tell€Ìwhich€you'll€get€in€a€moment).€ÌÌGophers€are€great€for€exploring€the€resources€of€the€Net.€€Just€keep€Ìmaking€choices€to€see€what€pops€up.€€Play€with€it;€see€where€it€takes€Ìyou.€€Some€choices€will€be€documents.€€When€you€read€one€of€these€and€Ìeither€come€to€the€end€or€hit€a€lower-case€q€to€quit€reading€it,€you'll€Ìbe€given€the€choice€of€saving€a€copy€to€your€home€directory€or€e-mailing€Ìit€to€yourself.€€Other€choices€are€simple€databases€that€let€you€enter€a€Ìword€to€look€for€in€a€particular€database.€€To€get€back€to€where€you€Ìstarted€on€a€gopher,€hit€your€u€key€at€a€menu€prompt,€which€will€move€you€Ìback€"up"€through€the€gopher€menu€structure€(much€like€"cd€.."€in€ftp).€ÌÌNotice€that€one€of€your€choices€above€is€"Internet€file€server€(ftp)€Ìsites."€€Choose€this,€and€you'll€be€connected€to€a€modified€archie€Ìprogram€--€an€archie€with€a€difference.€€When€you€search€for€a€file€Ìthrough€a€gopher€archie,€you'll€get€a€menu€of€sites€that€have€the€file€Ìyou're€looking€for,€just€as€with€the€old€archie.€€Only€now,€instead€of€Ìhaving€to€write€down€or€remember€an€ftp€address€and€directory,€all€you€Ìhave€to€do€is€position€the€cursor€next€to€one€of€the€numbers€in€the€menu€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You'll€be€connected€to€the€ftp€site,€from€which€you€can€Ìthen€choose€the€file€you€want.€€This€time,€move€the€cursor€to€the€file€Ìyou€want€and€hit€a€lower-case€s.€€You'll€be€asked€for€a€name€in€your€home€Ìdirectory€to€use€for€the€file,€after€which€the€file€will€be€copied€to€Ìyour€home€system.€€Unfortunately,€this€file-transfer€process€does€not€yet€Ìwork€with€all€public-access€sites€for€computer€programs€and€compressed€Ìfiles.€€If€it€doesn't€work€with€yours,€you'll€have€to€get€the€file€the€Ìold-fashioned€way,€via€anonymous€ftp.€ÌÌIn€addition€to€ftp€sites,€there€are€hundreds€of€databases€and€libraries€Ìaround€the€world€accessible€through€gophers.€€There€is€not€yet€a€common€Ìgopher€interface€for€library€catalogs,€so€be€prepared€to€follow€the€Ìonline€directions€more€closely€when€you€use€gopher€to€connect€to€one.€ÌÐ .°+0 ÐGopher€menu€entries€that€end€in€a€/€are€gateways€to€another€menu€of€Ìoptions.€€Entries€that€end€in€a€period€are€text,€graphics€or€program€Ìfiles,€which€you€can€retrieve€to€your€home€directory€(or€e-mail€to€Ìyourself€or€to€somebody€else).€€A€line€that€ends€in€€or€€Ìrepresents€a€request€you€can€make€to€a€database€for€information.€€The€Ìdifference€is€that€€entries€call€up€one-line€interfaces€in€which€you€Ìcan€search€for€a€keyword€or€words,€while€€brings€up€an€electronic€Ìform€with€several€fields€for€you€to€fill€out€(you€might€see€this€in€Ìonline€"White€Pages"€directories€at€colleges).€ÌÌGophers€actually€let€you€perform€some€relatively€sophisticated€Boolean€Ìsearches.€€For€example,€if€you€want€to€search€only€for€files€that€contain€Ìthe€words€"MS-DOS"€and€"Macintosh,"€you'd€type€ÌÌ€€€€€ms-dos€and€macintoshÌÌ(gophers€are€not€case-sensitive)€in€the€keyword€field.€€Alternately,€if€Ìyou€want€to€get€a€list€of€files€that€mention€either€"MS-DOS"€or€Ì"Macintosh,"€you'd€type€ÌÌ€€€€€ms-dos€or€macintoshÌÌÌÔ% ‡´ Ôò ò8.2€BURROWING€DEEPERó óÔ%†´’ÊÔÐ Gï ÐÌÌAs€fascinating€as€it€can€be€to€explore€"gopherspace,"€you€might€one€day€Ìwant€to€quickly€retrieve€some€information€or€a€file.€€Or€you€might€grow€Ìtired€of€calling€up€endless€menus€to€get€to€the€one€you€want.€ÌFortunately,€€there€are€ways€to€make€even€gophers€easier€to€use.€ÌÌOne€is€with€archie's€friend,€veronica€(it€allegedly€is€an€acronym,€but€Ìdon't€believe€that€for€a€second),€who€does€for€gopherspace€what€archie€Ìdoes€for€ftp€sites.€ÌÌIn€most€gophers,€you'll€find€veronica€by€selecting€"Other€gopher€and€Ìinformation€services"€at€the€main€menu€and€then€"Searching€through€Ìgopherspace€using€veronica."€€Select€this€and€you'll€get€something€like€Ìthis:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Internet€Gopher€Information€Client€v1.1ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Search€titles€in€Gopherspace€using€veronicaÌÌ€-->€€1.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€.Ì€€€€€€2.€€FAQ:€€Frequently-Asked€Questions€about€veronica€€(1993/08/23).Ì€€€€€€3.€€How€to€compose€€veronica€queries€(NEW€June€24)€READ€ME!!.Ì€€€€€€4.€€Search€Gopher€Directory€Titles€at€PSINet€Ì€€€€€€5.€€Search€Gopher€Directory€Titles€at€SUNET€Ð  .±+0 Ѐ€€€€€6.€€Search€Gopher€Directory€Titles€at€U.€of€Manitoba€Ì€€€€€€7.€€Search€Gopher€Directory€Titles€at€University€of€Cologne€Ì€€€€€€8.€€Search€gopherspace€at€PSINet€Ì€€€€€€9.€€Search€gopherspace€at€SUNET€Ì€€€€€€10.€Search€gopherspace€at€U.€of€Manitoba€Ì€€€€€€11.€Search€gopherspace€at€University€of€Cologne€ÌÌÌPress€?€for€Help,€q€to€Quit,€u€to€go€up€a€menu€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Page:€1/1ÌÌA€few€choices€there!€€First,€the€difference€between€searching€directory€Ìtitles€and€just€plain€ol'€gopherspace.€€If€you€already€know€the€sort€of€Ìdirectory€you're€looking€for€(say€a€directory€containing€MS-DOS€Ìprograms),€do€a€directory-title€search.€€But€if€you're€not€sure€what€kind€Ìof€directory€your€information€might€be€in,€then€do€a€general€gopherspace€Ìsearch.€In€general,€it€doesn't€matter€which€of€the€particular€veronicas€Ìyou€use€--€they€should€all€be€able€to€produce€the€same€results.€€The€Ìreason€there€is€more€than€one€is€because€the€Internet€has€become€so€Ìpopular€that€only€one€veronica€(or€one€gopher€or€one€of€almost€anything)€Ìwould€quickly€be€overwhelmed€by€all€the€information€requests€from€around€Ìthe€world.€€ÌÌYou€can€use€veronica€to€search€for€almost€anything.€€Want€to€find€museums€Ìthat€might€have€online€displays€from€their€exhibits?€€Try€searching€for€Ì"museum."€€Looking€for€a€copy€of€the€Declaration€of€Independence?€€Try€Ì"declaration."€ÌÌIn€many€cases,€your€search€will€bring€up€a€new€gopher€menu€of€choices€to€Ìtry.€ÌÌSay€you€want€to€impress€those€guests€coming€over€for€dinner€on€Friday€by€Ìcooking€cherries€flambe.€If€you€were€to€call€up€veronica€and€type€in€Ì"flambe"€after€calling€up€veronica,€you€would€soon€get€a€menu€listing€Ìseveral€flambe€recipes,€including€one€called€"dessert€flambe."€€Put€your€Ìcursor€on€that€line€of€the€menu€and€hit€enter,€and€you'll€find€it's€a€Ìmenu€for€cherries€flambe.€€Then€hit€your€q€key€to€quit,€and€gopher€will€Ìask€you€if€you€want€to€save€the€file€in€your€home€directory€on€your€Ìpublic-access€site€or€whether€you€want€to€e-mail€it€somewhere.€ÌÌAs€you€can€see,€you€can€use€veronica€as€an€alternative€to€archie,€which,€Ìbecause€of€the€Internet's€growing€popularity,€seems€to€take€longer€and€Ìlonger€to€work.€ÌÌIn€addition€to€archie€and€veronica,€we€now€also€have€jugheads€(no€bettys€Ìyet,€though).€€These€work€the€same€as€veronicas,€but€their€searches€are€Ìlimited€to€the€specific€gopher€systems€on€which€they€reside.€ÌÌIf€there€are€particular€gopher€resources€you€use€frequently,€there€are€a€Ìcouple€of€ways€to€get€to€them€even€more€directly.€Ð 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ЇOne€is€to€use€gopher€in€a€manner€similar€to€the€way€you€can€use€telnet.€ÌIf€you€know€a€particular€gopher's€Internet€address€(often€the€same€as€its€Ìtelnet€or€ftp€address),€you€can€connect€to€it€directly,€rather€than€going€Ìthrough€menus.€€For€example,€say€you€want€to€use€the€gopher€at€Ìinfo.umd.edu.€€If€your€public-access€site€has€a€gopher€system€installed,€Ìtype€this€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€gopher€info.umd.eduÌÌat€your€command€prompt€and€you'll€be€connected.Ì€€€€€ÌBut€even€that€can€get€tedious€if€there€are€several€gophers€you€use€Ìfrequently.€That's€where€bookmarks€come€in.€€Gophers€let€you€create€a€Ìlist€of€your€favorite€gopher€sites€and€even€database€queries.€€Then,€Ìinstead€of€digging€ever€deeper€into€the€gopher€directory€structure,€you€Ìjust€call€up€your€bookmark€list€and€select€the€service€you€want.€ÌÌTo€create€a€bookmark€for€a€particular€gopher€site,€first€call€up€gopher.€€ÌThen€go€through€all€the€gopher€menus€until€you€get€to€the€menu€you€want.€€ÌType€a€capital€A.€You'll€be€given€a€suggested€name€for€the€bookmark€enty,€Ìwhich€you€can€change€if€you€want€by€backspacing€over€the€suggestion€and€Ìtyping€in€your€own.€€When€done,€hit€enter.€€Now,€whenever€you're€in€Ìgopherspace€and€want€to€zip€back€to€that€particular€gopher€service,€just€Ìhit€your€V€key€(upper-€or€lower-case;€in€this€instance,€gopher€doesn't€Ìcare)€anywhere€within€gopher.€€This€will€bring€up€a€list€of€your€Ìbookmarks.€Move€to€the€one€you€want€and€hit€enter,€and€you'll€be€Ìconnected.€ÌÌUsing€a€capital€A€is€also€good€for€saving€particular€database€or€veronica€Ìqueries€that€you€use€frequently€(for€example,€searching€for€news€stories€Ìon€a€particular€topic€if€your€public-access€site€maintains€an€indexed€Ìarchive€of€wire-service€news).€ÌÌInstead€of€a€capital€A,€you€can€also€hit€a€lower-case€a.€€This€will€bring€Ìyou€to€the€particular€line€within€a€menu,€rather€than€show€you€the€entire€Ìmenu.€€ÌÌIf€you€ever€want€to€delete€a€bookmark,€hit€V€within€gopher,€select€the€Ìitem€you€want€to€get€rid€of,€and€then€hit€your€D€key.€ÌÌOne€more€hint:€ÌÌIf€you€want€to€find€the€address€of€a€particular€gopher€service,€hit€your€Ì=€key€after€you've€highlighted€its€entry€in€a€gopher€menu.€€You'll€get€Ìback€a€couple€of€lines,€most€of€which€will€be€technicalese€of€no€Ìimmediate€value€to€most€folks,€but€some€of€which€will€consist€of€the€Ìsite's€address.€ÌÌÐ .°+0 ÐÔ% ‡¶ Ôò ò8.3€€GOPHER€COMMANDSó óÔ%†¶iâÔÐ X ÐÌÌa€€€€€€€Add€a€line€in€a€gopher€menu€to€your€bookmark€list.ÌÌA€€€€€€€Add€an€entire€gopher€menu€or€a€database€query€to€your€bookmark€Ì€€€€€€€€list.€ÌÌd€€€€€€€Delete€an€entry€from€your€bookmark€list€(you€have€to€hit€v€Ì€€€€€€€€first).ÌÌq€€€€€€€Quit,€or€exit,€a€gopher.€€You'll€be€asked€if€you€really€want€to.ÌÌQ€€€€€€€Quit,€or€exit,€a€gopher€without€being€asked€if€you're€sure.ÌÌs€€€€€€€Save€a€highlighted€file€to€your€home€directory.ÌÌu€€€€€€€Move€back€up€a€gopher€menu€structureÌÌv€€€€€€€View€your€bookmark€list.ÌÌ=€€€€€€€Get€information€on€the€originating€site€of€a€gopher€entry.ÌÌ>€€€€€€€Move€ahead€one€screen€in€a€gopher€menu.ÌÌ<€€€€€€€Move€back€one€screen€in€a€gopher€menu.ÌÌÔ% ‡¸ Ôò ò8.4€€SOME€INTERESTING€GOPHERSó óÔ%†¸^åÔÐ ì” ÐÌThere€are€now€hundreds€of€gopher€sites€around€the€world.€€What€follows€is€Ìa€list€of€some€of€them.€€Assuming€your€site€has€a€gopher€"client"€Ìinstalled,€you€can€reach€them€by€typing€ÌÌ€€€€€gopher€sitenameÌÌat€your€command€prompt.€Can't€find€what€you're€looking€for?€Remember€to€Ìuse€veronica€to€look€up€categories€and€topics!€ÌÌÌAGRICULTUREÌÌcyfer.esusda.gov€€€€€€€€€More€agricultural€statistics€and€regulations€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€most€people€will€ever€need.€€€€€€€€ÌÌusda.mannlib.cornell.edu€More€than€140€different€types€of€agricultural€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€data,€most€in€Lotus€1-2-3€spreadsheet€format.ÌÌANIMALSÌÐ  .²+0 Ðsaimiri.primate.wisc.edu€Information€on€primates€and€animal-welfare€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€laws.ÌÌARCHITECTUREÌÌlibra.arch.umich.edu€€€€€Maintains€online€exhibits€of€a€variety€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€architectural€images.ÌÌARTÌÌmarvel.loc.gov€€€€€€€€€€€The€Library€of€Congress€runs€several€online€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"galleries"€of€images€from€exhibits€at€theÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€library.€€Many€of€these€pictures,€in€GIF€or€JPEG€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€format,€are€HUGE,€so€be€careful€what€you€get€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€first.€Exhibits€include€works€of€art€from€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Vatican,€copies€of€once€secret€Soviet€documents€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€pictures€of€artifacts€related€to€Columbus'sÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1492€voyage.€At€the€main€menu,€select€2€and€thenÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"Exhibits."ÌÌgalaxy.ucr.edu€€€€€€€€€€€The€California€Museum€of€Photography€maintains€itsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€own€online€galery€here.€€At€the€main€menu,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€select€"Campus€Events,"€then€"CaliforniaÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Museum€of€Photography,"€then€"Network€Ex-Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€hibitions."ÌÌASTRONOMYÌÌcast0.ast.cam.ac.uk€€€€€€A€gopher€devoted€to€astronomy,€run€by€theÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Institute€of€Astronomy€and€the€Royal€GreenwichÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Observatory,€Cambridge,€England.ÌÌCENSUSÌÌbigcat.missouri.edu€€€€€€You'll€find€detailed€federal€census€data€forÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€communities€of€more€than€10,000€people,€as€wellÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€as€for€states€and€counties€here.€€At€the€mainÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€menu,€select€"Reference€and€Information€Center,"Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€then€"United€States€and€Missouri€CensusÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Information"€and€"United€States€Census."ÌÌCOMPUTERSÌÌwuarchive.wustl.edu€€€€€€Dozens€of€directories€with€software€for€all€sortsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€of€computers.€€Most€programs€have€to€be€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"un-compressed"€before€you€can€use€them.ÌÌsumex-aim.stanford.edu€€€A€similar€type€of€system,€with€the€emphasis€on€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Macintosh€programs€and€files.Ð 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ЇDISABILITYÌÌval-dor.cc.buffalo.edu€€€The€Cornucopia€of€Disability€Information€carriesÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€numerous€information€resources€on€disability€issuesÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€links€to€other€disability-related€services.ÌÌENVIRONMENT€Ì€Ìecosys.drdr.virginia.edu€Copies€of€Environmental€Protection€AgencyÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€factsheets€on€hundreds€of€chemicals,€searchableÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€by€keyword.€€Select€"Education"€and€thenÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"Environmental€fact€sheets."ÌÌenvirolink.org€€€€€€€€€€€Dozens€of€documents€and€files€related€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€environmental€activism€around€the€world.ÌÌENTOMOLOGYÌÌspider.ento.csiro.au€€€€€All€about€creepy-crawly€things,€both€the€good€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€the€bad€ones.ÌÌGEOLOGYÌÌgopher.stolaf.edu€€€€€€€€Select€"Internet€Resources"€and€then€"WeatherÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€geography"€for€information€on€recent€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€earthquakes.ÌÌGOVERNMENTÌÌmarvel.loc.gov€€€€€€€€€€€Run€by€the€Library€of€Congress,€this€siteÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€provides€numerous€resources,€including€accessÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€to€the€Library€card€catalog€and€all€manner€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€information€about€the€U.S.€Congress.ÌÌgopher.lib.umich.edu€€€€€Wide€variety€of€government€information,€fromÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Congressional€committee€assignments€to€economicÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€statistics€and€NAFTA€information.Ì€Ìecix.doc.gov€€€€€€€€€€€€€Information€on€conversion€of€military€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€installations€to€private€uses.ÌÌsunsite.unc.edu€€€€€€€€€€Copies€of€current€and€past€federal€budgets€can€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€be€found€by€selecting€"Sunsite€archives,"€thenÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"Politics,"€then€"Sunsite€politcal€science€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€archives."ÌÌwiretap.spies.com€€€€€€€€Documents€related€to€Canadian€government€can€beÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€found€in€the€"Government€docs"€menu.€€€€€€€€ÌÐ 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Ðstis.nih.gov€€€€€€€€€€€€€Select€the€"Other€U.S.€government€gopher€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€servers"€for€access€to€numerous€other€federalÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€gophers.ÌÌHEALTHÌÌodie.niaid.nih.gov€€€€€€€National€Institutes€of€Health€databases€on€AIDS,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€in€the€"AIDS€related€information"€menu.ÌÌhelix.nih.gov€€€€€€€€€€€€For€National€Cancer€Institute€factsheets€on€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€different€cancers,€select€"Health€and€clinicalÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€information"€and€then€"Cancernet€information."ÌÌnysernet.org€€€€€€€€€€€€€Look€for€information€on€breast€cancer€in€theÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"Special€Collections:€Breast€Cancer"€menu.ÌÌwelchlink.welch.jhu.edu€€This€is€Johns€Hopkins€University's€medical€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€gopher.ÌÌHISTORYÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€See€under€Art.ÌÌINTERNETÌÌgopher.lib.umich.edu€€€€€Home€to€several€guides€to€Internet€resourcesÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€in€specific€fields,€for€example,€social€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€sciences.€€Select€"What's€New€&€FeaturedÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Resources"€and€then€"Clearinghouse."ÌÌISRAELÌ€€€€€€Ìjerusalem1.datasrv.co.il€This€Israeli€system€offers€numerous€documentsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€on€Israel€and€Jewish€life.ÌÌJAPANÌÌgopher.ncc.go.jp€€€€€€€€€Look€in€the€"Japan€information"€menu€for€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€documents€related€to€Japanese€life€and€culture.ÌÌMUSICÌÌmtv.com€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Run€by€Adam€Curry,€an€MTV€video€jock,€this€siteÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€has€music€news€and€Curry's€daily€"Cybersleaze"€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€celebrity€report.ÌÌNATUREÌÌucmp1.berkeley.edu€€€€€€€The€University€of€California€at€Berkeley's€Ð .°+0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Museum€of€Paleontology€runs€several€onlineÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€exhibits€here.€You€can€obtain€GIF€images€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€plants€and€animals€from€the€"Remote€Nature"€menu.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€"Origin€of€the€Species"€menu€lets€you€readÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Darwin's€work€or€search€it€by€keyword.ÌÌSPORTSÌÌculine.colorado.edu€€€€€€Look€up€schedules€for€teams€in€various€professionalÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€sports€leagues€here,€under€"Professional€SportsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Schedules."ÌÌWEATHERÌÌwx.atmos.uiuc.edu€€€€€€€€Look€up€weather€forecasts€for€North€America€orÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€bone€up€on€your€weather€facts.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡º Ôò ò8.5€€WIDE-AREA€INFORMATION€SERVERSó óÔ%†º·ÔÐ ºb ÐÌÌNow€you€know€there€are€hundreds€of€databases€and€library€catalogs€Ìyou€can€search€through.€€But€as€you€look,€you€begin€to€realize€that€each€Ìseems€to€have€its€own€unique€method€for€searching.€€If€you€connect€to€Ìseveral,€this€can€become€a€pain.€€Gophers€reduce€this€problem€somewhat.ÌÌWide-area€information€servers€promise€another€way€to€zero€in€on€Ìinformation€hidden€on€the€Net.€In€a€WAIS,€the€user€sees€only€one€Ìinterface€--€the€program€worries€about€how€to€access€information€on€Ìdozens,€even€hundreds,€of€different€databases.€€You€tell€give€a€WAIS€a€Ìword€and€it€scours€the€net€looking€for€places€where€it's€mentioned.€€You€Ìget€a€menu€of€documents,€each€ranked€according€to€how€relevant€to€your€Ìsearch€the€WAIS€thinks€it€is.€ÌÌLike€gophers,€WAIS€"client"€programs€can€already€be€found€on€many€public-Ìaccess€Internet€sites.€If€your€system€has€a€WAIS€client,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€swaisÌ€Ìat€the€command€prompt€and€hit€enter€(the€"s"€stands€for€"simple").€€If€it€Ìdoesn't,€telnet€to€bbs.oit.unc.edu,€which€is€run€by€the€University€of€ÌNorth€Carolina€€At€the€"login:"€prompt,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€bbsÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You'll€be€asked€to€register€and€will€then€get€a€list€of€Ì"bulletins,''€which€are€various€files€explaining€how€the€system€works.€ÌWhen€done€with€those,€hit€your€Q€key€and€you'll€get€another€menu.€€Hit€4€Ìfor€the€"simple€WAIS€client,"€and€you'll€see€something€like€this:€Ð 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ЀÌSWAIS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Source€Selection€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sources:€23#Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Server€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Source€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€CostÌ001:€€€[€€€€€€€€€€€archie.au]€€aarnet-resource-guide€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ002:€€€[€€€€archive.orst.edu]€€aeronautics€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ003:€€€[nostromo.oes.orst.ed]€€agricultural-market-news€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ004:€€€[sun-wais.oit.unc.edu]€€alt-sys-sun€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ005:€€€[€€€€archive.orst.edu]€€alt.drugs€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ006:€€€[€€€€wais.oit.unc.edu]€€alt.gopher€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ007:€€€[sun-wais.oit.unc.edu]€€alt.sys.sun€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ008:€€€[€€€€wais.oit.unc.edu]€€alt.wais€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ009:€€€[€€€€archive.orst.edu]€€archie-orst.edu€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ010:€€€[€€€€€€€€€€€archie.au]€€archie.au-amiga-readmes€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ011:€€€[€€€€€€€€€€€archie.au]€€archie.au-ls-lRt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ012:€€€[€€€€€€€€€€€archie.au]€€archie.au-mac-readmes€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ013:€€€[€€€€€€€€€€€archie.au]€€archie.au-pc-readmes€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ014:€€€[€pc2.pc.maricopa.edu]€€ascd-education€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ015:€€€[€€€€€€€€€€€archie.au]€€au-directory-of-servers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ016:€€€[€€€cirm2.univ-mrs.fr]€€bib-cirm€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ017:€€€[€€cmns-sun.think.com]€€bible€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ018:€€€[€€€€€€zenon.inria.fr]€€bibs-zenon-inria-fr€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€FreeÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌKeywords:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€selects,€w€for€keywords,€arrows€move,€€searches,€q€quits,€or€?€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌEach€line€represents€a€different€database€(the€.au€at€the€end€of€some€of€Ìthem€means€they€are€in€Australia;€the€.fr€on€the€last€line€represents€a€Ìdatabase€in€France).€€And€this€is€just€the€first€page!€€If€you€type€a€Ìcapital€K,€you'll€go€to€the€next€page€(there€are€several€pages).€€ÌHitting€a€capital€J€will€move€you€back€a€page.€ÌÌThe€first€thing€you€want€to€do€is€tell€the€WAIS€program€which€databases€Ìyou€want€searched.€€To€select€a€database,€move€the€cursor€bar€over€the€Ìline€you€want€(using€your€down€and€up€arrow€keys)€and€hit€your€space€bar.€€ÌAn€asterisk€will€appear€next€to€the€line€number.€€Repeat€this€until€Ìyou've€selected€all€of€the€databases€you€want€searched.€€Then€hit€your€W€Ìkey,€after€which€you'll€be€prompted€for€the€key€words€you're€looking€for.€€ÌYou€can€type€in€an€entire€line€of€these€words€--€separate€each€with€a€Ìspace,€not€a€comma.€ÌÌHit€return,€and€the€search€begins.€€ÌÌLet's€say€you're€utterly€fascinated€with€wheat.€€So€you€might€select€Ìagricultural-market-news€to€find€its€current€world€price.€€But€you€also€Ìwant€to€see€if€it€has€any€religious€implications,€so€you€choose€the€Bible€Ìand€the€Book€of€Mormon.€€What€do€you€do€with€the€stuff?€€Select€recipes€Ìand€usenet-cookbook.€Are€there€any€recent€Supreme€Court€decisions€Ìinvolving€the€plant?€Chose€supreme-court.€€How€about€synonyms?€Try€roget-Ð 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Ðthesaurus€and€just€plain€thesaurus.€ÌÌNow€hit€w€and€type€in€wheat.€€Hit€enter,€and€the€WAIS€program€begins€its€Ìsearch.€€As€it€looks,€it€tells€you€whether€any€of€the€databases€are€Ìoffline,€and€if€so,€when€they€might€be€ready€for€a€search.€€In€about€a€Ìminute,€the€program€tells€you€how€many€hits€it's€found.€€Then€you€get€a€Ìnew€menu,€that€looks€something€like€this:€Ì€Ì€ÌKeywords:̀̀€#€€€€Score€€€€€SourceTitleLinesÌ001:€€€[1000]€(roget-thesaurus)€€€€€€€#465.€[results€of€comparison.€1]€Di€€€€19Ì002:€€€[1000]€(roget-thesaurus)€€€€€€€#609.€Choice.€--€N.€choice,€option;€€€€36Ì003:€€€[1000]€(roget-thesaurus)€€€€€€€#465.€[results€of€comparison.€1]€Di€€€€19Ì004:€€€[1000]€(roget-thesaurus)€€€€€€€#609.€Choice.€--€N.€choice,€option;€€€€36Ì005:€€€[1000]€(recipes)€€€€€€€€€€aem@mthvax€Re:€MONTHLY:€Rec.Food.Recipes€€€425Ì006:€€€[1000]€(€Book_of_Mormon)€€Mosiah€€9:96Ì007:€€€[1000]€(€Book_of_Mormon)€€3€Nephi€18:185Ì008:€€€[1000]€(agricultural-ma)€€Re:€€€€JO€GR115,€WEEKLY€GRAIN82Ì009:€€€[€822]€(agricultural-ma)€€Re:€€€€WA€CB351€PROSPECTIVE€PLANTINGS€€€€€€552Ì010:€€€[€800]€(€€€€€€€€recipes)€€kms@apss.a€Re:€REQUEST:€Wheat-free,€Suga€€€€35Ì011:€€€[€750]€(agricultural-ma)€€Re:€€€€WA€CB101€CROP€PRODUCTION258Ì012:€€€[€643]€(agricultural-ma)€€Re:€€€€SJ€GR850€DAILY€NAT€GRN€SUM72Ì013:€€€[€400]€(€€€€€€€€recipes)€€pat@jaamer€Re:€VEGAN:€Honey€Granola63Ì014:€€€[€400]€(€€€€€€€€recipes)€€jrtrint@pa€Re:€OVO-LACTO:€Sourdough/Trit€€€142Ì€ÌEach€of€these€represents€an€article€or€citing€that€contains€the€word€wheat,€Ìor€some€related€word.€€Move€the€cursor€bar€(with€the€down€and€up€arrow€Ìkeys)€to€the€one€you€want€to€see,€hit€enter,€and€it€will€begin€to€appear€Ìon€your€screen.€€The€"score"€is€a€WAIS€attempt€to€gauge€how€closely€the€Ìciting€matches€your€request.€€Doesn't€look€like€the€Supreme€Court€has€had€Ìanything€to€say€about€the€plant€of€late!ÌÌNow€think€of€how€much€time€you€would€have€spent€logging€onto€various€Ìdatabases€just€to€find€these€relatively€trivial€examples.€ÌÌÔ% ‡¼ Ôò ò8.6€€WHEN€THINGS€GO€WRONGó óÔ%†¼6ÔÐ $­!% ÐÌAs€the€Internet€grows€ever€more€popular,€its€resources€come€under€more€of€Ìa€strain.€€If€you€try€to€use€gopher€in€the€middle€of€the€day,€at€least€on€Ìthe€East€Coast€of€the€U.S.,€you'll€sometimes€notice€that€it€takes€a€very€Ìlong€time€for€particular€menus€or€database€searches€to€come€up.€€ÌSometimes,€you'll€even€get€a€message€that€there€are€too€many€people€Ìconnected€to€whichever€service€you're€trying€to€use€and€so€you€can't€get€Ìin.€€The€only€alternative€is€to€either€try€again€in€20€minutes€or€so,€or€Ìwait€until€later€in€the€day,€when€the€load€might€be€lower.€€When€this€Ìhappens€in€veronica,€try€one€of€the€other€veronica€entries.€ÌÐ  .±+0 ÐWhen€you€retrieve€a€file€through€gopher,€you'll€sometimes€be€asked€if€you€Ìwant€to€store€it€under€some€ludicrously€long€name€(there€go€our€friends€Ìthe€system€administrators€again,€using€128€characters€just€because€Unix€Ìlets€them).€€With€certain€MS-DOS€communications€programs,€if€that€name€is€Ìlonger€than€one€line,€you€won't€be€able€to€backspace€all€the€way€back€to€Ìthe€first€line€if€you€want€to€give€it€a€simpler€name.€€Backspace€as€far€Ìas€you€can.€€Then,€when€you€get€ready€to€download€it€to€your€home€Ìcomputer,€remember€that€the€file€name€will€be€truncated€on€your€end,€Ìbecause€of€MS-DOS's€file-naming€limitations.€€Worse,€your€computer€might€Ìeven€reject€the€whole€thing.€What€to€do?€Instead€of€saving€it€to€your€Ìhome€directory,€mail€it€to€yourself.€€It€should€show€up€in€your€mail€by€Ìthe€time€you€exit€gopher.€€Then,€use€your€mail€command€for€saving€it€to€Ìyour€home€directory€--€at€which€point€you€can€name€it€anything€you€want.€ÌNow€you€can€download€it.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡¾ Ôò ò8.7€FYIó óÔ%†¾ê"ÔÐ è ЀÌÌDavid€Riggins€maintains€a€list€of€gophers€by€type€and€category.€You€can€Ìfind€the€most€recent€one€at€the€ftp€site€ftp.einet.net,€in€the€pub€Ìdirectory.€€Look€for€a€file€with€a€name€like€"gopher-jewels.txt."€ÌAlternately,€you€can€get€on€a€mailing€list€to€get€the€latest€version€sent€Ìto€your€e-mailbox€automatically.€Send€a€mail€message€to€gopherjewelslist-Ìrequest@tpis.cactus.org€(yep,€that€first€part€is€all€one€word).€€Leave€Ìthe€"subject:"€line€blank,€and€as€a€message,€write€SUBSCRIBE.€ÌÌBlake€Gumprecht€maintains€a€list€of€gopher€and€telnet€sites€related€to,€Ìor€run€by,€the€government.€He€posts€it€every€three€weeks€to€the€Ìnews.answers€and€soc.answers€newsgroups€on€Usenet.€It€can€also€be€Ìobtained€via€anonymous€ftp€from€rtfm.mit.edu,€as€Ì/pub/usenet/news.answers/us-govt-net-pointers.€ÌÌStudents€at€the€University€of€Michigan's€School€of€Information€and€ÌLibrary€Studies,€recently€compiled€separate€lists€of€Internet€resources€Ìin€11€specific€areas,€from€aeronautics€to€theater.€€They€can€be€obtained€Ìvia€gopher€at€gopher.lib.umich.edu,€in€the€"What's€New€and€Featured€ÌResources"€menu.€ÌÌThe€Usenet€newsgroups€comp.infosystems.gopher€and€comp.infosystems.wais€Ìare€places€to€go€for€technical€discussions€about€gophers€and€WAISs€Ìrespectively.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ   -È*/ ÐÔ% €( Ôò òCHAPTER€9:€€THE€WORLD-WIDE€WEBó óÐ X ÐÌÌÌÔ% ‡À Ôò ò9.1€GETTING€SNARED€IN€THE€WEBó óÔ%†Àx(ÔÐ ý¥ ÐÌAs€nice€as€gophers€are,€there's€an€even€better€way€to€navigate€and€find€Ìinformation€resources€on€the€Net€--€the€World-Wide€Web.€ÌÌOriginally€developed€as€a€resource€for€physicists,€the€Web€today€is€Ìfast€becoming€the€Main€Street€of€cyberspace.€€You'll€find€interesting€Ìcharacters€wandering€around,€museums€and€galleries€to€visit,€schools€to€Ìteach€you€new€skills,€even€restaurants€(some€of€which€will€deliver€real€Ìfood€in€response€to€e-mail).€You€name€it,€chances€are€somebody's€created€a€ÌWeb€server€about€it.€€Growing€numbers€of€people€even€have€their€own€Ìpersonal€Web€"pages"€where€they€let€the€world€know€what€they're€Ìinterested€in.€€ÌÌThe€Web's€exploded€in€popularity€for€two€reasons.€€One€is€that€it€is€Ìfairly€easy€to€use.€€As€with€gophers,€you€navigate€the€Web€by€making€Ìselections€from€your€screen€--€no€more€cryptic€Unix€commands€to€memorize.€€ÌThe€Web€also€lets€you€connect€to€FTP€sites,€so€you€no€longer€even€have€to€Ìuse€arcane€anonymous-FTP€commands€in€most€cases.€ÌÌBut€what€really€sets€the€Web€apart€is€hyperlinks.€€To€understand€Ìhyperlinks,€think€of€an€encyclopedia.€€As€you€read€an€article€on,€say,€ÌAfrica,€your€eye€is€drawn€to€a€picture€of€an€elephant.€€You€want€to€learn€Ìmore€about€the€animal,€so€you€get€out€the€"E"€volume€and€look€up€Ì"elephant"€and€start€reading.€ÌÌHyperlinks€are€the€online€equivalent€of€this€browsing€process.€€Tim€ÌBerners-Lee,€who€developed€the€original€Web€model,€came€up€with€a€simple€Ìlanguage€that€lets€somebody€developing€a€Web€document€embed€pointers€to€Ìrelated€resources.€€When€you€then€call€up€that€document,€€you'll€see€some€Ìwords€in€a€different€color€or€somehow€otherwise€highlighted.€€By€moving€Ìyour€cursor€to€one€of€those€words€and€then€hitting€enter€(or€clicking€on€Ìit€with€your€mouse,€depending€on€your€interface),€you'll€then€call€up€the€Ìlinked€document.€ÌÌBecause€these€hyperlinks€are€easy€to€create€(more€on€that€in€a€bit)€--€Ìanybody€can€put€together€a€Web€resource€that€can€become€a€central€Ìclearinghouse€of€information€on€virtually€any€topic,€linking€documents€Ìthat€could€be€physically€stored€in€dozens€of€locations€around€the€world.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ Ôò ò9.2€ALRIGHT,€ALREADY,€LET'S€GO!ó óÔ%†Â1ÔÐ O+÷(- ÐÌÌWe're€almost€there.€But€first€a€word€about€graphics.€€If€you've€heard€of€Ð  .³+0 Ðthe€Web,€chances€are€good€you've€also€heard€of€Mosaic.€€Mosaic,€developed€Ìat€the€National€Center€for€Supercomputing€Applications€at€the€University€Ìof€Illinois,€brought€a€graphical,€point-and-click€interface€to€the€Web,€Ìand€in€less€than€a€year€became€almost€synonymous€with€it.€ÌÌThere€are€a€couple€of€problems€with€Mosaic€(and€related€programs),€Ìhowever.€€One€is€that€you€need€a€machine€capable€of€providing€a€graphical€Ìuser€interface,€such€as€those€running€Unix,€Windows€or€the€Macintosh€Ìoperating€system.€€MS-DOS€users€are€out€of€luck.€€So€are€the€blind.€€ÌAlso,€Mosaic€requires€a€fairly€large€chunk€of€computing€and€network€Ìcapabilities€to€work€well,€so€forget€about€using€it€on€your€old€2400-bps€Ìmodem).€€ÌÌIf€you€do€have€these€capabilities,€we'll€talk€about€how€to€set€up€Mosaic€Ìand€similar€programs€in€a€bit.€€But€for€now,€let's€look€at€Lynx,€a€text-Ìbased€program€that€gives€universal€access€to€the€Web€--€via€a€simple€Ìdial-up€connection€in€most€cases.€€It€doesn't€give€you€the€pretty€Ìpictures€(although€you'll€be€able€to€download€many€of€them)€and€it€Ìdoesn't€work€with€a€mouse.€€But€it's€simple€enough€to€use€--€and€one€Ìcould€argue€that€if€you're€using€the€Web€just€to€find€information,€you€Ìmight€not€want€pictures,€anyway,€because€they€can€take€so€long€to€get€to€Ìyour€computer€and€display.€ÌÌLynx,€the€creation€of€Michael€Grobe,€Lou€Montulli€and€Charles€Rezac€of€Ìthe€University€of€Kansas,€will€remind€you€of€gophers€in€many€ways.€€As€Ìwith€gopher,€probably€the€best€way€to€learn€how€to€use€Lynx€is€just€to€€Ìdive€right€in.€At€your€host€system's€command€prompt,€type€ÌÌ€€€€€lynxÌÌand€hit€enter€(Free-Net€users:€go€into€the€"Teleport"€area€and€look€for€Ìthe€"Communications€Tower").€€If€you're€lucky,€your€system€administrator€Ìhas€already€installed€Lynx€and€you'll€see€something€like€this:€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì--------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€GENERAL€OVERVIEW€OF€THE€WEB€[IMAGE]ÌÌ€€€There€is€no€"top"€to€the€World-Wide€Web.€You€can€look€at€it€from€manyÌ€€€points€of€view.€Here€are€some€places€to€start.ÌÌ€€€[IMAGE]€by€SubjectÌ€€€€€€€€€€The€Virtual€Library€organises€information€by€subject€matter.ÌÌ€€€List€of€serversÌ€€€€€€€€€€All€registered€HTTP€servers€by€countryÌÌ€€€by€Service€TypeÌ€€€€€€€€€€The€Web€includes€data€accessible€by€many€other€protocols.€TheÐ .°+0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€lists€by€access€protocol€may€help€if€you€know€what€kind€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€service€you€are€looking€for.ÌÌ€€€If€you€find€a€useful€starting€point€for€you€personally,€you€canÌ€€€configure€your€WWW€browser€to€start€there€by€default.ÌÌ--€press€space€for€more,€use€arrow€keys€to€move,€'?'€for€help,€'q'€to€quitÌ€€Arrow€keys:€Up€and€Down€to€move.€Right€to€follow€a€link;€Left€to€go€back.Ì€H)elp€O)ptions€P)rint€G)o€M)ain€screen€Q)uit€/=search€[delete]=history€listÌ--------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌÌÌIf€nothing€happens,€consider€asking€your€system€administrator€to€get€Lynx€Ì(tell€him€it's€available€via€anonymous€ftp€at€ftp2.cc.ukans.edu€in€the€Ìpub/lynx€directory).€€Until€he€does,€you€can€try€out€Lynx€by€using€telnet€Ìto€connect€to€this€address:€ÌÌ€€€€€sunsite.unc.eduÌÌWhen€you€connect,€log€on€as:€lynxÌÌThis€is€a€popular€site,€so€it€can€be€slooow€at€times.€Alternately,€you€Ìcould€use€telnet€to€connect€to€ÌÌ€€€€€ukanaix.cc.ukans.eduÌÌwith€a€log€on€of:€wwwÌÌHowever,€this€site€(the€home€of€Lynx's€creators)€will€not€let€you€use€all€Ìof€Lynx's€features.ÌÌAs€you€can€see€from€the€above,€the€Web€has€no€real€menus,€at€least€not€in€Ìthe€sense€that€gopher€does.€€Instead,€the€system€is€composed€of€documents€Ìor€"pages"€€(the€"title€of€contents"€or€opening€page€on€a€Web€site€is€Ìknown€as€its€"home€page").€If€you€are€using€VT100€or€similar€emulation€and€Ìa€color€monitor,€the€above€screen€would€have€certain€words€in€a€different€Ìcolor€than€the€others.€€These€words€are€the€hyperlinks.€€By€moving€your€Ìcursor€to€one€and€then€hitting€enter,€you'll€move€to€a€new€page€--€which€Ìcould€be€located€on€a€completely€different€computer€somewhere€else€in€the€Ìworld.€€ÌÌThe€above€main€page,€which€comes€from€the€CERN,€the€European€High-Energy€ÌPhysics€Research€Center€(where€Tim€Berners-Lee€developed€the€Web)€has€Ìthree€main€hyperlinks:€ÌÌ€€€€€[IMAGE]€by€SubjectÌ€€€€€List€of€serversÌ€€€€€by€Service€TypeÌ€€€€€€Ð .°+0 ÐThe€first€one€contains€a€list€of€various€Web€resources€around€the€world,€Ìcategorized€by€subject.€€The€second€one€lists€them€by€continent,€country€Ìand€then€city.€€The€final€one€lets€you€browse€among€non-Web€services,€Ìsuch€as€our€friend€gopher€and€Wide-Area€Information€Servers€(in€fact,€Ìyou€could€live€your€entire€Internet€life€within€the€Web;€not€only€does€it€Ìlet€you€connect€to€gophers,€ftp€sites€and€the€like,€but€with€some€Web€Ìsoftware,€you€can€even€read€and€reply€to€Usenet€messages€as€well).€To€Ìcall€up€any€of€them,€you€move€your€cursor€to€it€(with€the€down€or€up€Ìarrows)€and€hit€enter.ÌÌPlay€with€the€Web!€Move€your€cursor€around,€hit€enter,€and€see€where€you€Ìpop€up.€€The€key€navigational€keys€are€your€arrow€keys.€€ÌThe€up€and€down€arrow€keys€let€you€hop€among€highlighted€links.€The€right€Ìarrow€key€is€the€same€as€enter€--€it€sends€you€to€the€highlighted€service.€€ÌThe€left€arrow€key€is€analogous€to€'u'€in€gopher€--€it€takes€you€back€to€Ìthe€previous€document.€€This€arrangement€can€take€a€little€getting€used€Ìto.€€If€there€are€two€hyperlinks€listed€on€one€line,€you€would€use€your€Ìdown€or€up€arrow€to€move€between€them€--€NOT€your€right€or€left€ones!€ÌÌThere€are€additional€navigational€commands€that€will€come€in€handy€in€a€Ìhypertext€system€(without€them,€it€would€be€easy€to€get€lost€rather€Ìquickly).€€A€key€one€is€your€backspace€or€delete€key.€€Hitting€that€will€Ìbring€up€a€list€of€links€you've€made€in€the€current€session;€you€can€then€Ìchoose€one€if€you€want€to€get€back€somewhere.€€Hitting€m€will€bring€you€Ìback€to€your€"main€page,"€that€is,€the€first€page€you€saw€when€you€Ìstarted€up€Lynx.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡Ä Ôò ò9.3€€ADDRESSING€A€PROBLEMó óÔ%†ÄMIÔÐ Ô| ÐÌÌOne€feature€Lynx€has€that€gophers€do€not€is€the€ability€to€go€directly€to€Ìa€service€by€typing€in€its€address.€€You€get€to€this€function€by€hitting€Ìa€lower-case€g€at€any€point€in€Lynx.€€Here's€where€you€run€into€the€mess€Ìthat€is€Uniform€Resource€Locators€(URLs).€€The€idea€behind€URLs€is€Ìactually€a€good€one:€to€create€a€universal€system€for€accessing€Ìinformation€on€the€Internet,€no€matter€if€it's€a€single€file€on€an€Ìanonymous-FTP€site,€an€entire€gopher€server,€or€a€Web€image.€€ÌUnfortunately,€that€means€that,€in€WWW,€you're€going€to€have€to€get€used€Ìto€seeing,€and€typing,€things€like:€ÌÌ€€€€€http://www.germany.eu.net/books/eegtti/eegtti.htmlÌÌ(which€is€actually€the€Web€address€for€an€enhanced€version€of€Everybody's€ÌGuide€to€the€Internet).€€Ack!€€The€"http"€means€you're€dealing€with€a€WWW€Ìresource€--€it€stands€for€"HyperText€Transport€Protocol,"€which€is€the€Ìparticular€way€the€Web€moves€information€around€the€world.€€Lynx€needs€Ìthat€information€to€be€able€to€figure€out€how€to€connect€to€the€system.€ÌÐ  .±+0 ÐNext€comes€the€name€of€the€site€on€which€the€resource€is€located,€followed€Ìby€the€directory€path.€URLs€are€case€sensitive,€so€be€careful!€ÌÌIn€the€above€example,€notice€how€the€last€item€ends€in€".html."€€That€Ìstands€for€"HyperText€Markup€Language,"€which€is€the€coding€used€to€Ìcreate€hyperlinks.€€You'll€often€find€Web€addresses€ending€in€that,€Ìbecause€they€will€be€pointers€to€main€pages€for€particular€resources.€€ÌSometimes,€if€you€are€trying€to€reach€a€service€without€a€main€HTML€page€Ì(a€gopher,€for€example),€you€may€have€to€end€the€address€with€a€/,€for€Ìexample:€gopher://gopher.eff.org/€€ÌÌFortunately,€in€many€cases,€you€will€have€to€type€these€long€names€only€Ìonce.€€Recall€how€hitting€your€backspace€or€delete€key€creates€a€list€of€Ìhyperlinks€to€services€you've€tried€in€a€particular€session.€You€can€also€Ìcreate€a€list€of€"bookmarks"€to€speed€you€to€particular€services€in€the€Ìfuture.€€To€add€a€page€to€your€list,€hit€a€lower-case€a€while€on€that€Ìpage.€€You'll€be€asked€if€you€want€to€add€the€document€or€the€hyperlink€Ìto€your€bookmark€page.€€Choose€the€document€option€and€it'll€be€added.€ÌÌTo€see€your€bookmark€list,€hit€v.€€You'll€then€be€able€to€zoom€to€Ìany€services€in€the€list€by€moving€your€cursor€to€its€highlighted€name€Ìand€hitting€enter.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡Æ Ôò ò9.4€€IMAGINE€THAT€--€DOWNLOADING€PICTURESó óÔ%†ƳRÔÐ 0Ø ÐÌÌAs€you€play€with€Lynx,€you'll€notice€that€some€pages€will€have€entries€Ìthat€look€like€this:€[IMAGE].€€If€the€word€is€the€same€color€as€the€other€Ìtext€on€your€screen,€you€won't€be€able€to€download€it.€€If€it's€a€Ìdifferent€color€or€somehow€highlighted,€you€should€be€able€to€put€your€Ìcursor€on€it€and€hit€enter.€€You'll€get€one€of€two€messages.€€One€says€Ìsomething€about€how€the€"client"€can't€display€an€ISMAP€image.€€In€that€Ìcase,€there's€not€much€you€can€do,€except€hit€your€left€arrow€key€to€get€Ìback€to€the€previous€page€--€Lynx€at€this€point€can't€handle€this€Ìparticular€system€for€displaying€maps.€€ÌÌThe€other€message€also€looks€potentially€frustrating:€"This€file€cannot€Ìbe€displayed€on€this€terminal.€€D)ownload€or€C)ancel."€€This€is€actually€Ìgood€news,€however,€because€it€means€it's€an€image€you€can€retrieve.€€If€Ìyou€hit€a€lower-case€d,€you'll€be€asked€if€you€want€to€save€the€image€to€Ìyour€host€system,€or€if€you€want€to€use€Zmodem€to€download€it€directly€to€Ìyour€own€computer.€€If€you're€using€a€communications€program€with€Zmodem,€Ìselecting€the€latter€will€immediately€start€the€process€of€transferring€Ìit€to€you.€€The€file€names€will€always€look€something€like:€L23015.HTM.€€ÌIn€most€cases,€the€files€will€be€GIF€images,€occasionally€JPEG€images,€Ìand,€rarely,€TIFF€images.€You'll€need€a€GIF/JPEG€viewer€on€your€computer€Ìto€view€these.€€If€you€don't€have€Zmodem,€save€the€image€to€your€host€Ìsystem.€€Interestingly,€when€you€do€this,€you'll€get€a€more€descriptive€Ð  .±+0 Ðfile€name,€OLDBONES.GIF€instead€of€L2015.HTM,€for€example.€€In€either€Ìcase,€when€you're€done€transferring€the€file,€hit€your€left€arrow€key€to€Ìget€back€to€the€previous€page.€€Before€you€actually€download€the€file,€Ìyou'll€see€a€message€indicating€how€large€it€is€--€handy€to€know€if€Ìyou're€using€a€relatively€slow€modem.€ÌÌSometimes,€instead€of€the€above€message,€you'll€get€a€more€forbidding€Ìlooking€one:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€showpicture€-viewer€xv€/tmp/L229787.htmlÌ€€€€€This€message€contains€a€picture,€which€can€currently€only€beÌ€€€€€viewed€when€running€X11.€If€you€read€this€message€while€runningÌ€€€€€X11,€and€have€your€DISPLAY€variable€set,€you€will€thenÌ€€€€€be€able€to€see€the€picture€properly.ÌÌYikes!€€Ignore€this€and€look€for€the€prompt€asking€if€you€want€to€saveÌthis€to€a€file.€€Hit€a€lower-case€y€and€you'll€be€prompted€for€a€name.€ÌType€in€whatever€you€want€to€call€the€file€and€hit€enter.€€You've€justÌsaved€a€copy€of€the€file€to€your€home€directory€on€your€Internet€host,Ìwhich€means€that,€when€you're€done€with€Lynx,€you€can€download€it€to€your€Ìhome€computer.€ÌÌA€related€function€to€downloading€is€retrieving€a€copy€of€a€document.€€To€Ìdo€that,€hit€p€within€a€document.€€You'll€be€given€several€choices€as€to€Ìhow€to€retrieve€it,€including€sending€it€to€yourself€via€e-mail€or€saving€Ìit€to€a€file€in€your€home€directory€on€your€public-access€site.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡È Ôò ò9.5€€LYNX,€MEET€GOPHERó óÔ%†ÈX^ÔÐ Ô| ÐÌÌOne€of€the€nice€things€about€Lynx€is€that€you€can€also€use€it€to€reach€Ìnon-Web€resources,€from€FTP€and€telnet€sites€to€gophers.€€This€means€that€Ìyou€can€use€it€as€your€one-stop€interface€for€Internet€information€Ìservices.ÌÌRecall€earlier€how€you€have€to€type€"http://"€as€part€of€the€URLs€for€Web€Ìsites.€€There€are€similar€prefixes€for€other€types€of€services,€for€Ìexample:€gopher://,€ftp://€and€telnet://.ÌÌTelnet€is€the€easiest€to€use.€€Say€you€want€to€connect€to€the€Electronic€ÌPeriodic€Table€of€the€Elements€at€camm57.caos.kun.nl.€€In€Lynx,€hit€a€Ìlower-case€g€and€then€type:ÌÌ€€€€€telnet://camm57.caos.kun.nlÌÌand€hit€enter,€and€you'll€be€connected.€€The€one€caveat€with€telnet€sites€Ìis€that€many€have€their€own€user€interfaces,€so€keys€may€do€different€Ìthings€than€they€would€if€you€were€connected€to€a€Web€site.€€If€you're€Ð  .±+0 Ðever€stuck€on€a€telnet€site€and€can't€get€out,€hit€control-]€(your€Ì"control"€and€"]"€keys€at€the€same€time)€to€return€to€Lynx.ÌÌConnecting€to€an€FTP€site€works€basically€the€same:€for€example,€to€get€Ìto€ftp.uu.net,€type€a€lower-case€g€and€thenÌÌ€€€€€ftp://ftp.uu.netÌÌYou€won't€have€to€log€in,€though,€which€is€nice.€€And€once€you're€in,€Ìyou'll€be€able€to€navigate€by€making€selections€off€a€menu,€rather€than€Ìhaving€to€type€any€Unix€commands.€€If€you€already€know€a€particular€Ìfile's€name€and€path€on€a€site,€you€could€even€go€to€it€directly,€by€Ìhitting€a€lower-case€g€and€then€typing€in€site€name€and€path,€like€this:Ì€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€ftp://ftp.uu.net/systems/ibmpc/msdos/simtel/zip/pkz204g.exeÌÌGetting€to€a€gopher€works€basically€the€same,€except€you'd€substitute€Ì"gopher://"€for€"telnet://"€or€"ftp://."€€Where€it€does€get€tricker€with€Ìgophers,€however,€is€if€you€want€to€get€to€a€specific€document€or€Ìdirectory€on€a€gopher.€€This€is€because€gopher€administrators€usually€Ìmask€their€Unix€directory€names€with€natural-language€titles,€for€Ìexample,€"Sports€and€recreation"€rather€than€"sports_rec."€€€But€URLs€use€Ìthe€Unix€paths,€so€that€if€you're€used€to€being€told€"Connect€to€Ìgopher.site.com,€select€'Society'€and€then€'Sports€and€recreation'"€you'd€Ìhave€to€translate€that€into€URL-ese€as€something€like:€Ìgopher://gopher.site.com/11/soc/sports_rec.€€How€to€find€these?€€Connect€to€Ìthe€top-level€gopher€address,€for€example:ÌÌ€€€€€gopher.std.comÌÌThen€make€selections€until€you€get€to€the€document€or€directory€you€want.€€ÌNow€either€hit€a€lower-case€a€to€add€the€path€to€your€bookmark€list,€or,€Ìif€you€want€to€write€it€down,€hit€an€equal€sign,€which€will€show€you€the€Ìpath.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡Ê Ôò ò9.6€FINDING€THINGS€ON€THE€WEBó óÔ%†ʤhÔÐ #Ä $ ÐÌÌLike€Gopher,€the€Web€is€a€fascinating€place€to€explore€--€just€keep€Ìfollowing€links€to€see€where€they€take€you.€€In€fact,€Lynx€and€other€Web€Ìprograms€are€often€called€"browsers"€for€just€this€reason.€Eventually,€Ìhowever,€you€might€want€to€find€something€specific€on€the€Web€and€you€Ìmight€want€to€find€it€now.€ÌÌUnlike€with€Gopher€and€Veronica,€there€is€no€single€way€to€search€the€Web.€€ÌInstead,€several€organizations€around€the€world€have€developed€different€Ìtypes€of€databases€that€let€you€find€Web€documents€and€hyperlinks.€€The€Ìones€that€follow€are€all€fairly€powerful€yet€relatively€easy€to€use.€€Ð  .±+0 ÐBecause€they€all€seem€to€use€different€methods€for€finding€things,€it€can€Ìsometimes€be€worthwhile€to€try€several€of€them€as€part€of€your€search€--€Ìyou'll€find€different€resources€with€each.€€€An€added€bonus€is€that€Ìoften,€the€people€who€maintain€one€search€"engine"€will€provide€quick€Ìlinks€to€the€others,€making€it€easy€for€you€to€get€from€one€to€the€other.€ÌÌOne€of€the€more€useful€systems€is€EINet€Galaxy,€run€by€the€ÌMicroelectronics€and€Computer€Technology€Corp.€in€Austin,€Texas,€both€Ìbecause€it's€easy€to€use€and€because€it€lets€you€search€for€both€Web€and€ÌGopher€resources.€ÌÌTo€get€to€it,€hit€a€lower-case€g€within€Lynx€and€then€type:ÌÌ€€€€€http://galaxy.einet.netÌÌWhen€you€connect,€you'll€actually€see€what€looks€an€awful€lot€like€a€Ìtable€of€contents€or€index€for€the€entire€Internet€--€dozens€of€entries€Ìon€broad€topics€from€architecture€to€sociology.€€If€you're€not€in€a€hurry,€Ìthese€entries€can€prove€an€interesting€introduction€to€just€what's€Ìavaialable€these€days.€€But€today,€we€are€in€a€hurry,€so€keep€hitting€Ìenter€until€you€see€something€that€looks€like€this:€ÌÌÌ€€€Search€for:€____________________€Search€Clear€selections€[40€hits_]Ì€€€(€)Galaxy€Pages€(€)Galaxy€Entries€(€)World-wide€Web€(€)GopherÌ€€€(€)HytelnetÌÌÌ€€€€€€Up€-€Home€-€Help€-€Search€-€Top€--€EINet€GalaxyÌÌFirst,€notice€the€"Search"€in€the€bottom€list€of€options.€€If€you€moved€Ìyour€cursor€to€that€and€hit€enter,€you'd€be€given€a€list€of€links€to€Ìother€searchable€databases€of€Web€resources.€€But€for€now,€move€your€Ìcursor€(with€the€down-arrow€key)€until€it's€on€the€dashes.€€Here€is€where€Ìyou€type€in€the€word€or€words€you're€looking€for€(don't€worry€about€Ìcapitalization).€Now€it€gets€slightly€tricky€(because€the€system€was€Ìdesigned€with€mouse€users€in€mind).€€Hit€your€down-arrow€key€until€you€Ìget€to€the€space€before€"Galaxy€Entries."€€Hit€enter,€and€you'll€see€an€Ìasterisk€appear.€As€you€might€surmise,€you're€telling€the€system€to€Ìsearch€for€your€keyword€among€"Galaxy€Entries"€(which€are€those€indexed€Ìlistings€we€just€passed€over).€Hit€your€down€arrow€again€to€move€to€the€Ì"World-wide€Web"€entry€and€hit€enter€again.€Do€it€once€more€for€Gopher.€€ÌNow€use€your€up€key€to€move€backwards,€until€the€word€"Search"€is€Ìhighlighted.€€Hit€enter.€ÌÌEINet€Galaxy€now€starts€a€search€of€its€database,€looking€for€any€Ìpotential€matches€in€both€Web€and€Gopher€documents.€€Let's€say€you€were€Ìsearching€for€information€about€the€King,€ol'€Elvis€himself.€€Had€you€Ìused€"Elvis"€as€your€search€word,€something€like€this€would€come€back:€Ð .°+0 Ї̀€€Galaxy€Entry€Results€-€for€``€elvis''ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€4€documents€foundÌÌ€€€€€*€ELVIS+€WWW€server€from€RUSSIA€-€Score:€1000€Size:€29Ì€€€€€*€Elvis€Aron€Presley€Home€Page€-€Score:€1000€Size:€28Ì€€€€€*€Elvis€Aron€Presley€Home€Page€-€Score:€1000€Size:€28Ì€€€€€*€The€Elvis€Costello€home€page€-€Score:€1000€Size:€28ÌÌ€€€World-wide€Web€Results€-€for€``€elvis''ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€28€documents€foundÌ(Option€list)€€Hit€return€and€use€arrow€keys€and€return€to€select€optionÌÌEach€of€the€lines€starting€with€an€asterisk€turns€out€to€be€a€hyperlink€Ìto€a€particular€Web€server.€€Curious€about€the€first€one,€you€move€your€Ìcursor€there€and€hit€enter€--€and€discover€that€a€group€of€Russian€Ìcomputer€programmers€have€set€up€a€software€company€they've€decided€to€Ìcall€ELVIS+.€€OK.€€So€you€hit€your€left€arrow€key€to€get€back€to€the€ÌEINet€Galaxy€search€results.€€Try€the€next€one,€and€you€find€yourself€Ìreading€about€the€King.€€The€"score"€represents€the€database's€attempt€to€Ìshow€you€how€relevant€a€particular€item€is€to€your€search.€€If€the€word€Ìyou're€looking€for€appears€in€a€document's€title€or€first€paragraph,€for€Ìexample,€it€will€score€higher€in€the€databases€1-to-1000€ranking€than€if€Ìit€did€not€appear€until€the€very€last€paragraph.€ÌÌAnother€good€Web€info-searcher€is€David€Filo€and€Jerry€Yang's€Yahoo€server€Ìat€Stanford€University€(it€stands€for€something€along€the€lines€of€"Yet€ÌAnother€Hierarchically€Organized€Oracle").€€It'll€remind€you€of€EINet€ÌGalaxy€--€it,€too,€provides€a€table-of-contents€type€of€interface€to€Web€Ì(no€Gopher)€services,€along€with€a€more€specific€search€tool.€€You'll€Ìwant€to€connect€to:€ÌÌ€€€€€http://akebono.stanford.edu/yahooÌÌOne€of€your€choices€in€a€menu€bar€across€the€bottom€of€the€screen€will€be€Ì"Search."€€Select€it,€and€you'll€get€a€small€form€similar€to€EINet€ÌGalaxy's.€€Although€Yahoo€will€let€you€find€all€sorts€of€resources,€it€Ìreally€shines€in€the€area€of€online€businesses€and€the€services€they€Ìoffer.ÌÌLycos€at€Carnegie-Mellon€University€is€a€third€search€system,€which€is€Ìinteresting€in€part€because€of€the€way€new€entries€are€added€to€its€Ìdatabase.€€Part€of€Lycos€consists€of€an€automated€"web€crawler"€that€Ìperiodically,€well,€crawls€around€the€Web€looking€for€new€servers€and€Ìdocuments.€€It€then€adds€the€information€to€the€database.€€Connect€to€Ìhttp;//lycos.cs.cmu.edu.€€You'll€be€given€a€choice€of€searching€Lycos1,€ÌLycos2€or€Lycos3.€€These€are€different€computers,€but€each€contains€the€Ð .°+0 Ðsame€database,€so€it€doesn't€really€matter€which€one€you€choose€(unless€Ìone€doesn't€work,€then€try€one€of€the€others).€€You'll€then€get€a€page€Ìwith€these€choices:€ÌÌ€€€Lycos€Search€Language€descriptionÌ€€€Form-based€search€with€options€(same€database)Ì€€€Register€your€own€URLs€with€Lycos€or€Delete€your€own€URLsÌ€€€Lycos:€Frequently€Asked€QuestionsÌÌSelect€the€second€one€and€hit€enter,€which€will€bring€up€the€search€form.ÌIt€will€then€return€a€list€of€potentially€relevant€documents€--€alongÌwith€snippets€from€those€documents€to€help€you€decide€whether€you€wantÌto€look€at€them.€€By€default,€the€computer€will€only€respond€with€the€Ìfirst€10€matches€it€finds.€€You€can€change€that€via€a€setting€in€the€Ìsearch€form.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡Ì Ôò ò9.7€€SLIP:€BUT€I€WANT€TO€USE€MY€MOUSE!ó óÔ%†ÌíÔÐ Ñy ÐÌOK,€so€you€have€a€Windows€computer€or€Macintosh€and€you€want€to€use€the€ÌInternet€via€a€point-and-click€interface.€€You€can.€€Many€Internet€Ìproviders€now€offer€Serial€Line€Internet€Protocol€(SLIP)€or€Point€to€ÌPoint€Protocol€(PPP)€connections.€€Among€other€things,€this€sort€of€link€Ìwill€let€you€run€a€growing€number€of€programs€that€let€you€fully€Ìintegrate€everything€from€e-mail€to€the€Web€into€the€interface€with€which€Ìyou're€familiar€€--€you€can€use€your€mouse,€drag€and€drop€things,€etc.€€ÌIBM€now€includes€such€software€as€part€of€its€OS/2€operating€system,€Ìwhile€Microsoft€Corp.€has€similar€plans€for€its€Windows€95€operating€Ìsystem.€€There€are€also€several€companies€that€offer€complete€graphical€ÌInternet€starter€kits.€€For€example,€O'Reilly€and€Associates€sells€an€Ì"Internet€in€a€Box"€kit€for€Windows€users.€€And€two€Internet€providers,€ÌNetcom€and€Pipeline,€offer€their€own,€proprietary€graphical€user€Ìinterfaces€for€the€Internet.€ÌÌAlthough€using€these€programs€can€be€easy,€setting€them€up€is€sometimes€a€Ìpain€(it€gets€even€more€complex€if€you€decide€to€download€free€and€low-Ìcost€software€from€the€Internet€that€provides€the€same€features).€€First,€Ìcheck€with€your€provider€to€see€if€they€do€offer€SLIP€or€PPP€access,€and€Ìif€so,€at€what€price€(some€may€charge€extra).€€If€they€do€not,€ask€if€Ìthey€will€allow€the€use€of€The€Internet€Adapter,€software€that€lets€ÌMacintosh€and€Windows€users€use€graphical€programs€via€a€standard€dial-up€Ìconnection.€ÌÌÔ% ‡Î Ôò ò9.8€MORE€ON€SLIPó óÔ%†ÎˆÔÐ |)$'+ ÐÌComputers€tied€directly€to€the€Internet€communicate€with€each€other€using€Ìa€standard€known€as€Transmission€Control€Protocol/Internet€Protocol€Ì(TCP/IP).€€This€standard€allows€for€direct€interaction€between€these€Ìcomputers€--€so€that,€for€example,€you€can€tap€into€a€database€halfway€Ð  .²+0 Ðaround€the€world€over€the€Net€(it€also€deals€with€such€issues€as€routing€Ìinformation€from€A€to€B).€ÌÌThis€is€NOT€what€you€are€doing€when€you€dial€into€a€public-access€site€Ìwith,€say,€Procomm.€€Once€your€computer€and€your€host€establish€a€link,€Ìyour€computer€basically€goes€to€sleep€and€you€interact€with€the€network€Ìvia€programs€on€your€host.€That€terminal€emulation€you€always€have€to€Ìremember€to€set€is€merely€a€way€to€tell€the€host€system€what€kind€of€Ìkeyboard€to€pretend€you'd€be€using€if€you€were€actually€at€the€host€Ìcomputer€sitting€at€one€of€its€terminals.€All€of€the€programs€you€need€to€Ìrun€to€interact€with€the€Net,€from€mail€and€Usenet€readers€to€Gopher€and€ÌLynx,€are€actually€running€on€your€provider's€computer€(or€network);€the€Ìonly€time€your€computer€wakes€up€is€when€you€do€something€like€download€a€Ìfile€(and€even€then,€you're€not€using€any€particular€Internet€program).€ÌÌSLIP€makes€your€computer€an€active€participant€on€the€network€(PPP€Ìessentially€does€the€same€thing).€€With€a€SLIP€account,€it's€essentially€Ìyour€host€that€goes€to€sleep,€acting€only€as€a€sort€of€doorway€to€the€Ìrest€of€the€Internet€for€you€and€your€computer.€Now€your€computer€has€Ìdirect€access€to€TCP/IP€message€packets€(which€can€be€anything€from€e-Ìmail€to€World-Wide€Web€images).€€Of€course,€this€also€means€you'll€need€Ìall€the€software€to€do€things€sitting€on€your€hard€drive.€€Think€of€it€as€Ìthe€difference€between€renting€an€apartment,€where€the€landlord€takes€Ìcare€of€the€maintenance,€and€owning€your€own€house,€where€you€gain€the€Ìfreedom€to€do€things€the€way€you€want.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡Ð Ôò ò9.9€€HTML:€BUILDING€YOUR€OWNó óÔ%†ÐÄÔÐ ë“ ÐÌÌA€growing€number€of€Internet€providers€let€users€set€up€their€own€Web€Ìhome€pages.€€If€your€providers€is€one€of€these,€and€you€want€to€tell€the€Ìworld€your€story,€you'll€need€to€know€the€HyperText€Markup€Language€Ì(HTML).€€Fortunately,€this€is€tedious€rather€than€difficult€to€learn,€and€Ìthere€are€HTML€"authoring"€programs€out€there€that€can€help€reduce€the€Ìburden.€€ÌÌThe€basic€idea€behind€HTML€is€to€embed€codes€within€a€standard€ASCII€text€Ìdocument€that€tell€the€computer€displaying€the€document€to€do€something,€Ìwhether€that's€to€put€a€word€in€bold,€display€an€image,€or€jump€to€Ìanother€document.€€€Here's€what€a€simple€HTML€command€looks€like:ÌÌ€€€€€Web€IntroÌÌHTML€commands€are€always€between€such€brackets.€€The€first€instruction€Ìtells€the€computer€that€what€is€to€follow€is€a€document€title€and€to€Ìdisplay€it€at€the€top€of€the€page€(in€Lynx,€that's€actually€the€top€right€Ìhand€corner€of€the€screen).€€The€ending€command,€again€in€brackets,€tells€Ìthe€computer€that€that's€the€end€of€that€instruction.€The€user€doesn't€Ð  .±+0 Ðsee€these€commands.€ÌÌThere€are€similar€HTML€commands€for€paragraphs,€italics,€inserting€Ìgraphics,€creating€lists,€etc.€€The€command€for€linking€to€another€Ìdocument€elsewhere€on€the€Web€looks€like€this:ÌÌ€€€€€Boston€OnlineÌÌNote€that€the€URL€is€in€quotation€marks.€€The€"a"€(or€"anchor")€command€Ìtells€your€Web€browser€that€a€link€is€about€to€be€displayed.€€"Boston€ÌOnline"€will€be€highlighted€when€a€user€calls€up€the€page.€The€""€at€Ìthe€end€tells€the€browser€to€go€back€to€normal€type.€ÌÌTo€build€a€Web€page,€you'll€need€at€least€two€things.€€First€is€Ìpermission€from€your€provider€and€instructions€relating€to€your€specific€Ìsite€(for€example,€where€to€put€the€documents€you€create).€€Second€is€a€Ìguide€to€HTML€(see€FYI€below)€and€a€word€processor€capable€of€creating€ÌASCII€or€text€documents.€€Third,€and€optionally,€is€an€HTML€authoring€Ìprogram€that€can€help€relieve€you€of€the€drudgery€of€typing€in€all€those€ÌHTML€commands€(again,€see€FYI€below).€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡Ò Ôò ò9.10€€SOME€INTERESTING€WWW€SERVERS€ó óÔ%†ÒC˜ÔÐ ^ ÐÌÌAREA€CODESÌÌhttp://www.xmission.com/~americom/€Ever€wondered€what€the€area€code€is€Ìfor€Watertown,€NY,€or€the€country€code€for€Andorra?€€Help€is€now€as€near€Ìas€your€keyboard.€€AmeriCom,€a€long-distance€company,€has€created€a€Web-Ìbased€server€with€info€on€some€80,000€cities€around€the€world.€ÌÌARTÌÌhttp://www.wimsey.com/Pixel_Pushers/€€The€Electronic€Art€Gallery€in€ÌCalgary€is€exactly€what€it€sounds€like.ÌÌBOSTONÌÌhttp://www.std.com/NE/boston.html€€An€online€guide€to€the€city€that€Ìmodestly€calls€itself€the€Hub€of€the€Universe,€from€restaurant€and€movie€Ìlistings€to€car-repair€recommendations€and€neighborhood€profiles.ÌÌCALIFORNIAÌÌhttp://www.research.digital.com/SRC/virtual-tourist/California.html€This€Ìis€your€basic€tourist-info€center€just€over€the€state€line€on€the€ÌInformation€Highway.€€It€offers€everything€from€traffic€and€road-Ìcondition€reports€to€maps€and€pictures€of€tourist€attractions.€Ð  .±+0 ЇCHINAÌÌhttp://www.ihep.ac.cn:3000/ihep.html€€This€is€the€People's€Republic's€Ìfirst€Internet€connection,€run€by€the€Institute€for€High€Energy€Physics€Ìin€Beijing,€providing€everything€from€e-mail€addresses€of€Chinese€Ìscientists€to€information€on€Chinese€regions€and€a€directory€of€foreign€Ìcompanies€in€Beijing.ÌÌDINOSAURSÌÌhttp://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/dinos/dinos1.html€€Look€here€for€images€of€Ìdinosaur€skeletons.€ÌÌDUBLINÌÌhttp://www.dsg.cs.tcd.ie/dsg_people/czimmerm/pubs.html€€This€is€"the€Ìdefinitive€review€of€Dublin's€watering€holes.''ÌÌENVIRONMENTÌÌhttp://www.econet.apc.org/lcv/scorecard.html€€See€how€your€local€Ìcongressman/woman€is€ranked€by€the€League€of€Conservation€Voters.ÌÌhttp://polyn.net.kiae.su/polyn/manifest.html€€A€group€of€researchers€at€Ìthe€Kurchatov€Institute€for€Atomic€Energy€in€Moscow€have€created€a€World-ÌWide€Web€resource€devoted€to€the€Chernobyl€melt-down.€ÌÌGAMESÌÌhttp://wcl-rs.bham.ac.uk/GamesDomain€€The€Games€Domain€is€the€place€to€go€Ìfor€information€on€dozens€of€computer€games.€€Resources€include€lists€of€Ìhints€for€specific€games€and€an€online€games€magazine.€ÌÌGOVERNMENTÌÌhttp://www.fedworld.gov€€FedWorld€is€a€gateway€to€dozens€of€federal€Ìinformation€services€in€the€U.S.,€some€free,€some€requiring€a€fee€to€use.€€ÌÌhttp://thomas.loc.gov€€The€Library€of€Congress's€Thomas€(as€in€ThomasÌJefferson)€service€lets€you€look€up€pending€bills€by€keyword€and€readÌthe€Congressional€Record€(back€to€January,€1994).ÌÌLAW€ÌÌhttp://www.law.cornell.edu/lii.table.html€€€Cornell€University's€Legal€ÌInformation€Institute€provides€a€variety€of€law-related€documents,€Ìincluding€information€on€specific€legal€issues€and€copies€of€U.S.€Supreme€ÌCourt€decisions.€ÌÐ .°+0 Ðhttp://venable.com/vbh.html€€Venable,€Batejer,€Howard€and€Civiletti€is€a€ÌWashington,€D.C.€law€firm.€€Its€Web€server€includes€online€newsletters€on€Ìvarious€legal€topics.€ÌÌLEGOSÌÌhttp://legowww.itek.norut.no/catalog/index.html€€€Yes,€it's€a€set€of€Ìdocuments€(with€pictures)€all€about€the€little€plastic€blocks€with€the€Ìpegs€on€top.€ÌÌMOVIESÌÌhttp://www.cm.cf.ac.uk/Movies/moviewquery.html€€€You€can€search€for€Ìfilmographies€for€particular€actors€and€directors€here.ÌÌhttp://bvp.wdp.com/BVPM/€The€Buena€Vista€Pictures€Web€server€has€Ìinformation€and€photos€of€current€Disney€and€Buena€Vista€Pictures€movies€Ì--€even€some€QuickTime€loops€for€Macintosh€owners€(caveat:€those€are€Ìlarge€files).ÌÌMUSICÌÌhttp://www.music.indiana.edu/misc/music_resources.html€€This€resource€at€ÌIndiana€University€will€help€you€find€Web€sites€devoted€to€virtually€Ìevery€type€of€music€and€band.€ÌÌNEW€ZEALANDÌÌhttp://www.cs.cmu.edu:8001/Web/People/mjw/NZ/MainPaige.html€€Your€personal€Ìguided€tour€of€New€Zealand,€complete€with€pictures€of€its€cities,€scenery€Ìand€people,€begins€here.ÌÌPATENTSÌÌhttp:/town.hall.org/patent/patent.html.€€This€database,€run€by€the€ÌInternet€Multicasting€Service,€lets€you€search€for€U.S.-issued€patents€Ìfrom€1994€on.€ÌÌREAL€ESTATEÌÌhttp://www.gems.com/realestate/€€€Real-estate€listings€from€several€Ìcities€around€the€U.S.€ÌÌSLOVENIAÌÌhttp://www.ijs.si/slo.html€€Learn€more€about€the€former€Yugoslav€republic€Ìin€words€and€photographs.€ÌÌSMALL€BUSINESSÐ .°+0 Їhttp://www.sbaonline.sba.gov€€The€U.S.€Small€Business€Administration€uses€Ìits€Web€site€to€provide€tips€for€businesses€and€lists€of€available€Ìresources.€ÌÌSOUTH€DAKOTAÌÌhttp://www.state.sd.us€€All€you€ever€wanted€to€know€about€the€state,€from€Ìtourist€attractions€to€pending€legislation,€can€be€found€here.ÌÌSPACEÌÌhttp://sspp.gsfc.nasa.gov/€€Look€here€for€info€on€discount€space€flights€Ìfrom€NASA,€like€the€"Get€Away€Special"€--€only€$27,000€to€launch€a€Ì90-pound€cannister€aboard€a€space€shuttle.€ÌÌTIME€WASTERSÌÌhttp://www.primus.com/staff/paulp/useless.html€€It's€amazing€what€some€Ìpeople€are€using€the€Web€for.€€There's€the€guy€in€California€who's€Ìconnected€his€hot€tub€and€refrigerator,€so€you€can€check€the€temperature€Ìin€both;€people€who€let€you€send€messages€to€their€cat;€digital€cameras€Ìthat€take€periodic€snapshots€of€coffee€pots.€€Paul€Phillips€has€assembled€Ìlinks€to€them€all.€ÌÌWINEÌÌhttp://augustus.csscr.washington.edu/personal/bigstar-mosaic/wine.html€ÌLook€for€information€about€the€grape€beverage€here.€Besides€links€to€Ìother€Internet€resources,€it€also€lets€you€leave€tasting€notes€for€other€Ìenthusiasts,€and€provides€information€on€wineries€in€Washington€Ìstate.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡Ô Ôò ò9.11€€LYNX€COMMANDSó óÔ%†Ôx­ÔÐ a ! ÐÌDown€arrow€€€€€€Go€to€next€highlighted€linkÌUp€arrow€€€€€€€€Go€to€previously€highlighted€linkÌRight€arrow€€€€€Same€as€hitting€enter€on€a€highlighted€linkÌLeft€arrow€€€€€€Move€back€to€previous€documentÌ+€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Scroll€down€to€next€pageÌ-€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Scroll€back€to€previous€pageÌ?€or€h€€€€€€€€€€HelpÌa€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Add€current€page€to€bookmark€fileÌc€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Send€a€comment€to€the€creator€of€the€current€documentÌd€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Download€the€document€on€your€screenÌg€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Go€to€specific€resource€(you'll€have€to€type€in€its€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€address,€or€URL)Ìm€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Return€to€main,€or€first,€screenÌo€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Set€personal€options€(for€example,€your€e-mail€address)Ð  .±+0 Ðp€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Print,€save€or€download€a€documentÌv€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€View€your€bookmark€fileÌz€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Cancel€document€or€image€transferÌbackspace€€€€€€€View€your€past€links€in€the€current€sessionÌdelete€€€€€€€€€€Same€as€backspaceÌ=€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Get€address€information€for€current€file€or€linkÌ/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Scan€the€current€document€for€a€keywordÌÌÌÔ% ‡Ö Ôò ò9.12€€WHEN€THINGS€GO€WRONGó óÔ%†Öÿ±ÔÐ ‰ 1  ÐÌÌ*€You€try€to€connect€to€a€site,€but€get€an€error€message€along€the€lines€Ìof€"ERROR€404€Not€found€-€file€doesn't€exist€or€is€read€protected€[even€Ìtried€multi]"ÌÌRe-check€the€spelling€of€the€site€address€you€entered.€€WWW€addresses€are€Ìcase-sensitive,€so€that€might€be€a€problem,€as€well.€€Hit€your€left€arrow€Ìkey,€then€g,€then€try€entering€the€address€again.€It€is€also€possible€you€Ìdid€nothing€wrong,€but€that€the€person€in€charge€of€maintaining€the€site€Ìeither€forgot€to€set€the€document€so€that€outsiders€could€read€it€or€Ìdeleted€it€without€telling€anybody.ÌÌ*€You€know€the€URL€is€correct,€but€when€you€type€it€in€and€hit€enter,€youÌget€a€"not€available"€message.ÌÌSometimes,€links€just€don't€seem€to€work€the€first€time.€€Hit€g€and€enter€Ìagain€and€it€may€work€the€second€time.ÌÌ*€You€try€to€use€g€to€get€to€a€new€site€and€nothing€happens.ÌÌLynx€does€not€seem€to€let€you€go€to€sites€from€error-message€pages€and€Ìsome€other€pages.€€If€that€happens,€hit€your€left€arrow,€then€try€again.ÌÌ*€You€try€to€go€to€the€next€(or€previous)€hyperlink€on€a€page,€but€are€Ìinstead€transported€to€an€entirely€different€document.€ÌÌChances€are€you€tried€to€get€to€the€next€hyperlink€by€using€your€left€orÌright€arrow€keys,€rather€than€your€down€or€up€keys€(remember,€this'll€Ìtake€some€getting€used€to).€€If€you€think€you€hit€your€right€arrow€key,€Ìnow€hit€your€left€arrow€key€and€you'll€be€brought€back€to€the€original€Ìpage.€€If€you€hit€your€left€arrow€key,€go€to€your€history€page€(by€Ìhitting€your€delete€key)€and€then€chose€the€appropriate€page€to€which€you€Ìwant€to€return.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡Ø Ôò ò9.13€€FYIó óÔ%†Ø|¸ÔÐ 7,ß). ÐÌIf€you€want€to€see€what's€new€each€week€on€the€Web,€check€out€the€What's€Ð  .²+0 ÐNew€service€at€http://gnn.com/gnn.wn.whats-new.html.€€You'll€also€find€Ìpostings€of€new€services€in€the€alt.internet.services€and€Ìcomp.infosystems.www.announce€Usenet€newsgroups.€ÌÌOnce€a€month,€Thomas€Boutell€posts€a€WWW€FAQ€(answers€to€"Frequently€ÌAsked€Questions")€in€the€news.answers€and€comp.infosystems.www€newsgroups€Ìin€Usenet.€€You€can€also€retrieve€a€copy€via€anonymous€ftp€(or€ncftp)€at€Ìrtfm.mit.edu.€Look€in€the€pub/usenet/news.answers/www€directory€for€a€Ìfile€called€faq.€ÌÌThe€National€Center€for€Supercomputing€Applications€maintains€a€good€Ìintroductory€guide€to€HTML€and€related€programs€at€Ìhttp://union.ncsa.uiuc.edu/HyperNews/get/www/html.html€ÌÌYou€can€get€more€information€about€TIA€software€via€anonymous€ftp€at€Ìmarketplace.com.€In€the€/tia€directory,€you'll€find€copies€of€the€Ìsoftware€for€several€Unix€varieties.€€In€the€/tia/docs€directory,€you'll€Ìfind€documentation,€answers€to€frequently€asked€questions,€etc.€ÌÌFrank€Hecker's€"Personal€Internet€Access€Using€SLIP€or€PPP;€How€You€Use€ÌIt,€How€It€Works,"€gives€a€good€overview€of€how€the€two€protocols€work.€€ÌIt's€available€via€FTP€at€ftp.digex.net€as€Ì/pub/access/hecker/internet/slip-ppp.txt€or€via€the€World-Wide€Web€at€Ìhttp://www.charm.net/ppp.html.€ÌÌAt€that€latter€URL,€you'll€find€numerous€other€documents€and€programs€Ìrelated€to€SLIP/PPP€access,€including€information€and€files€related€to€ÌMacintosh€SLIP€service.€ÌÌHenry€Kriz€has€written€a€three-part€series€on€connecting€Windows€computers€Ìto€the€Internet€via€TCP/IP,€SLIP,€etc.€that€goes€into€more€technical€Ìdetail€than€what€you've€just€read.€€It's€available€via€anonymous€FTP€at€Ìnebula.lib.vt.edu€in€the€/pub/windows/winsock€directory.€€Look€for€a€file€Ìwith€a€name€like€wtcpip05.asc,€where€the€two€digits€in€the€first€part€of€Ìthe€name€indicate€the€current€version€number.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  ©'Q%) ÐÔ% €* Ôò òChapter€10:€ADVANCED€E-MAILó óÐ X Ѐ̀̀ÌÔ% ‡Ú Ôò ò10.1€€THE€FILE'S€IN€THE€MAILó óÔ%†Ú£ÀÔÐ ý¥ ÐÌÌE-mail€by€itself€is€a€powerful€tool,€and€by€now€you€may€be€sending€e-mail€Ìmessages€all€over€the€place.€€You€might€even€be€on€a€mailing€list€or€two.€ÌBut€there€is€a€lot€more€to€e-mail€than€just€sending€messages.€€If€your€Ìhost€system€does€not€have€access€to€ftp,€or€it€doesn't€have€access€to€Ìevery€ftp€site€on€the€Net,€you€can€have€programs€and€files€sent€right€to€Ìyour€mailbox.€€And€using€some€simple€techniques,€you€can€use€e-mail€to€Ìsend€data€files€such€as€spreadsheets,€or€even€whole€programs,€to€friends€Ìand€colleagues€around€the€world.€ÌÌA€key€to€both€is€a€set€of€programs€known€as€encoders€and€decoders.€€For€Ìall€usefulness,€basic€Net€e-mail€has€a€big€problem:€it€can't€handle€Ìgraphics€characters€or€the€control€codes€found€in€even€the€simplest€of€Ìcomputer€programs.€Encoders€however,€can€translate€these€into€forms€Ìusable€in€e-mail,€while€decoders€turn€them€back€into€a€form€that€you€can€Ìactually€use.€If€you€are€using€a€Unix-based€host€system,€chances€are€it€Ìalready€has€an€encoder€and€decoder€online€that€you€can€use.€These€Ìprograms€will€also€let€you€use€programs€posted€in€several€Usenet€Ìnewsgroups,€such€as€comp.binaries.ibm.pc.€ÌÌIf€both€you€and€the€person€with€whom€you€want€to€exchange€files€use€Unix€Ìhost€systems,€you're€in€luck€because€virtually€all€Unix€host€systems€have€Ìencoder/decoder€programs€online.€€For€now,€let's€assume€that's€the€case.€ÌFirst,€upload€the€file€you€want€to€send€to€your€friend€to€your€host€site€Ì(ask€your€system€administrator€how€to€upload€a€file€to€your€name€or€Ì"home"€directory€if€you€don't€already€know€how).€€Then€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€uuencode€file€file€>€file.uuÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€"File"€is€the€name€of€the€file€you€want€to€prepare€for€Ìmailing,€and€yes,€you€have€to€type€the€name€twice!€€The€>€is€a€Unix€Ìcommand€that€tells€the€system€to€call€the€"encoded"€file€"file.uu"€(you€Ìcould€actually€call€it€anything€you€want).€ÌÌNow€to€get€it€into€a€mail€message.€€The€quick€and€dirty€way€is€to€type€Ì€Ì€€€€mail€friendÌ€Ìwhere€"friend"€is€your€friend's€address.€€At€the€subject€line,€type€the€Ìname€of€the€enclosed€file.€€When€you€get€the€blank€line,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€~r€file.uùР .²+0 Ðor€whatever€you€called€the€file,€and€hit€enter.€(on€some€systems,€the€~€Ìmay€not€work;€if€so,€ask€your€system€administrator€what€to€use).€€This€Ìinserts€the€file€into€your€mail€message.€€Hit€control-D,€and€your€file€is€Ìon€its€way!€ÌÌOn€the€other€end,€when€your€friend€goes€into€her€mailbox,€€she€should€Ìtransfer€it€to€her€home€directory.€€Then€she€should€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€uudecode€file.nameÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€This€creates€a€new€file€in€her€name€directory€with€Ìwhatever€name€you€originally€gave€it.€€She€can€then€download€it€to€her€Ìown€computer.€€Before€she€can€actually€use€it,€though,€she'll€have€to€Ìopen€it€up€with€a€text€processor€and€delete€the€mail€header€that€has€been€Ì"stamped"€on€it.€€If€you€use€a€mailer€program€that€automatically€appends€Ìa€"signature,"€tell€her€about€that€so€she€can€delete€that€as€well.€ÌÌThe€past€couple€of€years€have€seen€the€development€of€the€Multi-purpose€ÌInternet€Mail€Extensions€(MIME),€which€make€e-mailing€these€files€Ìeven€easier.ÌÌIf€you€use€an€e-mail€program€such€as€cc:Mail€or€Microsoft€Mail€at€work,€Ìor€if€you€dial€into€bulletin-board€systems,€then€you're€used€to€the€idea€Ìof€file€attachments€--€you€write€a€message,€and€then€tell€the€computer€Ìyou€want€to€attach€a€file.€€MIME€is€essentially€the€Internet€equivalent.€ÌThe€one€caveat€is€that€your€recipient€also€has€to€have€a€MIME-enabled€Ìmail€program;€otherwise€you€could€run€into€problems€(and€in€that€case,€Ìyou'll€have€to€fall€back€on€uuencode).ÌÌProbably€the€best€way€to€use€MIME€on€a€Unix€public-access€site€is€with€ÌPine€--€it€makes€it€very€easy.€€Let's€say€you've€just€uploaded€a€graphics€Ìfile€that€you€want€to€mail€to€a€friend.€€Call€up€Pine€and€start€a€message€Ìto€your€friend.€€With€the€cursor€still€in€the€header€area€(i.e.,€the€area€Ìwhere€you€put€in€his€e-mail€address),€hit€control-J.€€You'll€be€asked€for€Ìthe€name€of€the€file€you€want€to€attach.€€Type€in€its€name€(or€path€if€you€Ìput€it€somewhere€besides€your€home€directory)€and€that's€it!€€You€can€now€Ìcompose€a€message€to€your€friend€and€then€send€it€off€as€you€would€Ìnormally€(only€now€it€will€come€with€an€attached€file).€ÌÌAssuming€your€recipient€also€uses€Pine,€when€he€gets€your€message,€one€of€Ìhis€options€will€be€to€hit€control-V.€If€he€hits€that,€he'll€be€asked€if€Ìhe€wants€to€view€or€save€the€attached€file.€€Assuming€it's€a€binary€file,€Ìhe€should€hit€his€s€key€and€then€type€in€the€name€of€the€file€under€which€Ìto€save€the€attachment.€€When€he€exits€Pine,€he€can€then€download€the€file€Ì--€without€the€muss€of€first€uudecoding€it.€ÌÌA€number€of€companies€now€sell€software€that€lets€users€of€proprietary€e-Ìmail€systems€send€and€receive€MIME€attachments.€€So€if€you€plan€on€Ìexchaning€binary€files€with€somebody€on€one€of€these€systems€(our€friend,€Ð .°+0 Ðthe€cc:Mail€user,€for€example)€--€ask€if€her€system€can€accept€MIME€Ìattachments.€€It€will€make€life€a€lot€easier€for€both€of€you.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡Ü Ôò ò10.2€€RECEIVING€FILESó óÔ%†ܦÔÔÐ ü¤ ÐÌÌIf€somebody€sends€you€a€uuencoded€file€through€the€mail,€you'll€have€to€Ìgo€through€a€couple€of€steps€to€get€it€into€a€form€you€can€actually€use.€€ÌIf€you€are€using€the€simple€mail€program,€go€into€mail€and€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€w€#€file.nameÌ€Ìwhere€#€is€the€number€of€the€message€you€want€to€transfer€and€file.name€Ìis€what€you€want€to€call€the€resulting€file.€€In€pine,€call€up€the€Ìmessage€and€hit€your€O€key€and€then€E.€€You'll€then€be€asked€for€a€file€Ìname.€In€elm,€call€up€the€message€and€hit€your€S€key.€€You'll€get€Ìsomething€that€looks€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€=file.requestÌ€ÌType€a€new€file€name€and€hit€enter€(if€you€hit€enter€without€typing€a€Ìfile€name,€the€message€will€be€saved€to€another€mail€folder,€not€your€Ìhome€directory).€ÌÌIn€all€three€cases,€exit€the€mail€program€to€return€to€your€host€system's€Ìcommand€line.€Because€the€file€has€been€encoded€for€mail€delivery,€you€Ìnow€have€to€run€a€decoder.€€At€the€command€line,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€uudecode€file.nameÌ€Ìwhere€file.name€is€the€file€you€created€while€in€mail.€Uudecode€will€Ìcreate€a€new,€uncompressed€binary€file.€€In€some€cases,€you€may€have€to€Ìrun€it€through€some€other€programs€(for€example,€if€it€is€in€"tar"€form),€Ìbut€generally€it€should€now€be€ready€for€you€to€download€to€your€own€Ìcomputer€(on€which€you€might€then€have€to€run€a€de-compressor€program€Ìsuch€as€PKUNZIP).ÌÌNow€if€somebody€sends€you€a€MIME€attachment,€retrieving€the€attachment€is€Ìsimple.€€In€both€pine€and€elm,€you'll€be€asked€if€you€want€to€save€the€Ìattachment€to€a€file.€€If€you€answer€by€hitting€your€y€key,€you'll€be€Ìasked€for€a€file€name€to€save€it€under€(or€just€hit€enter€to€save€it€Ìunder€the€default€name€suggested€by€the€computer).€€You€can€now€retrieve€Ìthe€file€by€exiting€mail€and€then€using€the€techniques€listed€in€Chapter€Ì4€for€downloading€Usenet€files.ÌÌAll€this€brings€up€a€related€issue.€Say€somebody€sends€you€a€plain€old€Ìe-mail€message€that€you€want€to€transfer€to€your€own€computer€(as€Ìopposed€to€an€encoded€file).€€Assuming€you're€connected€to€a€Unix€public-Ð  .±+0 Ðaccess€site,€and€that€the€message€is€straight€ASCII,€you€have€a€couple€of€Ìoptions.€ÌÌThe€quick€and€dirty€way€is€to€start€your€computer's€screen-capture€or€Ìlogging€function€before€you€open€the€message.€€Then€call€up€the€message€Ìand,€when€done,€stop€the€logging,€and€the€file's€saved€to€your€computer.ÌÌThat€method's€good€if€you€only€want€to€transfer€one€message.€€But€what€if€Ìyou€want€to€save€several€messages€to€a€single€file€(a€bunch€of€items€from€Ìa€mailing€list,€say)?€€Then€you€might€want€to€save€them€to€a€file€on€your€Ìpublic-access€site€first€and€then€download€that.€€ÌÌIf€you€use€the€Pine€mail€program,€open€up€the€message€and€then€hit€your€e€Ìkey.€€You'll€be€asked€to€enter€a€file€name€in€your€home€directory.€€Once€Ìdone,€go€to€the€next€message€and€repeat€the€process.€€When€finished,€Ìyou'll€have€a€single€large€file€in€your€home€directory€for€downloading.€ÌNote€that€when€you€do€this,€Pine€will€mark€the€message€for€deletion,€so€Ìif€you€want€to€keep€it€in€your€mailbox€(to€reply,€perhaps),€answer€N€when€Ìyou€exit€pine€and€are€asked€if€you€want€to€delete€the€marked€files.€€ÌÌIf€you€use€elm,€instead,€hit€your€s€key,€either€within€the€message€or€Ìwith€the€cursor€on€its€entry€in€the€message€menu.€€You'll€get€something€Ìthat€looks€like€this:ÌÌ€€€€€=jdoeÌÌwhich€comes€from€the€e-mail€address€of€the€sender.€If€you€hit€enter,€Ìyou'll€save€the€message€to€a€file€called€jdoe€in€your€Mail€directory.€€If€Ìyou€want€to€save€it€to€a€differently€named€file€in€your€home€directory,€Ìhit€your€backspace€key€once€and€then€type€in€the€file€name€you€want€(but€Ìwithout€the€equal€sign).€€As€in€pine,€the€messages€will€be€marked€for€Ìdeletion,€so€keep€that€in€mind€if€you€want€to€retain€them€in€your€Ìmailbox.ÌÌIn€either€case,€you€can€now€download€the€file,€again€using€the€comands€Ìdiscussed€in€Chapter€4€for€retrieving€similarly€collected€Usenet€Ìmessages.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡Þ Ôò ò10.3€€SENDING€FILES€TO€NON-INTERNET€SITESó óÔ%†Þ8äÔÐ ×%#' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌWhat€if€your€friend€only€connects€with€a€non-Unix€system,€such€as€ÌCompuServe€or€MCIMail?€€There€are€programs€available€for€MS-DOS,€Apple€Ìand€Amiga€computers€that€will€encode€and€decode€files.€€Of€course,€since€Ìyou€can't€send€one€of€these€programs€to€your€friend€via€e-mail€(how€would€Ìshe€un-encode€it?),€you'll€have€to€mail€(the€old-fashioned€way)€or€give€Ìher€a€diskette€with€the€program€on€it€first.€€€Then,€she€can€get€the€file€Ìby€e-mail€and€go€through€the€above€process€(only€on€her€own€computer)€to€Ð  .±+0 Ðget€a€usable€file.€€Remember€to€give€her€an€encoder€program€as€well,€if€Ìshe€wants€to€send€you€files€in€return.€ÌÌFor€MS-DOS€machines,€you'll€want€to€get€uunecode.com€and€uudecode.com.€€ÌBoth€can€be€found€through€anonymous€ftp€at€wuarchive.wustl.edu€in€the€Ì/mirrors/msdos/starter€directory.€The€MS-DOS€version€is€as€easy€to€use€as€Ìthe€Unix€one:€Just€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€uudecode€filename.extÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.Ì€€€€€ÌMac€users€should€get€a€program€called€uutool,€which€can€be€found€in€the€Ìinfo-mac/util€directory€on€sumex-aim.stanford.edu.€ÌÌThink€twice€before€sending€somebody€a€giant€file.€Although€large€sites€Ìconnected€directly€to€the€Internet€can€probably€handle€mega-files,€many€Ìsmaller€systems€cannot.€Some€commercial€systems,€such€as€CompuServe€and€ÌMCIMail,€limit€the€size€of€mail€messages€their€users€can€receive.€€ÌFidonet€doesn't€even€allow€encoded€messages.€€In€general,€a€file€size€of€Ì30,000€or€so€bytes€is€a€safe€upper€limit€for€non-Internet€systems.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡à Ôò ò10.4€€GETTING€FTP€FILES€VIA€E-MAILó óÔ%†à–êÔÐ Gï ÐÌTo€help€people€without€ftp€access,€a€number€of€ftp€sites€have€set€up€mail€Ìservers€(also€known€as€archive€servers)€that€allow€you€to€get€files€via€Ìe-mail.€€You€send€a€request€to€one€of€these€machines€and€they€send€back€Ìthe€file€you€want.€€As€with€ftp,€you'll€be€able€to€find€everything€from€Ìhistorical€documents€to€software€(but€please€note€that€if€you€do€have€Ìaccess€to€ftp,€that€method€is€always€quicker€and€ties€up€fewer€resources€Ìthan€using€e-mail).€ÌÌSome€interesting€or€useful€mail€servers€include:€ÌÌ€€€€€€mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu€€Files€of€"frequently€asked€questions"€Ìrelated€to€Usenet;€state-by-state€lists€of€U.S.€representatives€and€ÌSenators€and€their€addresses€and€office€phone€numbers.€Ì€€€€€€archive-server@eff.org€€Information€about€the€Electronic€Frontier€ÌFoundation;€documents€about€legal€issues€on€the€Net.€Ì€€€€€€archive-server@cs.widener.edu€€Back€copies€of€the€Computer€ÌUnderground€Digest€and€every€possible€fact€you€could€want€to€know€about€Ì"The€Simpsons."€Ì€€€€€€netlib@uunet.uu.net€€Programs€for€many€types€of€personal€computers;€Ìarchives€of€past€postings€from€many€Usenet€newsgroups.€Ì€€€€€€archive-server@ames.arc.nasa.gov€€Space-related€text€and€graphics€Ì(GIF-format)€files.€Ì€€€€€€service@nic.ddn.mil€€Detailed€information€about€Internet.€ÌÐ  .±+0 ÐMost€mail€servers€work€pretty€much€the€same€--€you€send€an€e-mail€message€Ìthat€tells€them€what€file€you€want€and€how€you€want€it€sent€to€you.€€The€Ìmost€important€command€is€"send,"€which€tells€the€computer€you€want€it€to€Ìsend€you€a€particular€file.€ÌÌFirst,€though,€you'll€need€to€know€where€the€mail€server€stores€that€Ìfile,€because€you€have€to€tell€it€which€directory€or€sub-directory€it's€Ìin.€€There€are€a€couple€of€ways€to€do€this.€You€can€send€an€e-mail€Ìmessage€to€the€archive-server€that€consists€of€one€line:€Ì€Ì€€€€€indexÌ€ÌThe€server€will€then€send€you€a€directory€listing€of€its€main,€or€root€Ìdirectory.€€You'll€then€have€to€send€a€second€message€to€the€archive€Ìserver€with€one€line:€Ì€Ì€€€€€index€directory/subdirectoryÌ€Ìwhere€directory/subdirectory€is€the€directory€path€for€which€you€want€a€Ìlisting.€€An€alternative€is€to€send€an€e-mail€message€to€our€old€friend€Ìarchie,€which€should€send€you€back€the€file's€exact€location€on€the€Ìarchive-server€(along€with€similar€listings€for€all€the€other€sites€that€Ìmay€have€the€file,€however)€ÌÌOnce€you€have€the€file€name€and€its€directory€path,€compose€a€message€to€Ìthe€archive€server€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€send€directory/subdirectory/file€Ì€€ÌSend€off€the€message€and,€anywhere€from€a€few€minutes€to€a€couple€of€days€Ìlater,€you'll€find€a€new€message€in€your€mailbox:€a€copy€of€the€file€you€Ìrequested.€€The€exact€time€it€will€take€a€file€to€get€to€you€depends€on€a€Ìvariety€of€factors,€including€how€many€requests€are€in€line€before€yours€Ì(mail€servers€can€only€process€so€many€requests€at€a€time)€and€the€state€Ìof€the€connections€between€the€server€and€you.€ÌÌSeems€simple€enough.€It€gets€a€little€more€complicated€when€you€request€a€Ìprogram€rather€than€a€document.€€Programs€or€other€files€that€contain€Ìunusual€characters€or€lines€longer€than€130€characters€(graphics€files,€Ìfor€example)€require€special€processing€by€the€mail€server€to€ensure€they€Ìare€transmitted€via€e-mail.€€Then€you'll€have€to€run€them€through€at€Ìleast€one€converter€program€to€put€them€in€a€form€you€can€actually€use.€€ÌTo€ensure€that€a€program€or€other€"non-mailable"€file€actually€gets€to€Ìyou,€include€another€line€in€your€e-mail€message€to€the€server:€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€encoder€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌThis€converts€the€file€into€an€encoded€form.€€To€decode€it,€you'll€first€Ìhave€to€transfer€the€file€message€into€a€file€in€your€home€directory.€€Ð .°+0 Ѐ€€€ÌOne€further€complication€comes€when€you€request€a€particularly€long€file.€€ÌMany€Net€sites€can€only€handle€so€much€mail€at€a€time.€€To€make€sure€you€Ìget€the€entire€file,€tell€the€mail€server€to€break€it€up€into€smaller€Ìpieces,€with€another€line€in€your€e-mail€request€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€size€100000Ì€ÌThis€gives€the€mail€server€the€maximum€size,€in€bytes,€of€each€file€Ìsegment.€€This€particular€size€is€good€for€UUCP€sites.€Internet€and€ÌBitnet€sites€can€generally€go€up€to€300000.€€When€you€get€all€of€these€Ìfiles€in€mail,€transfer€them€to€your€home€directory.€€Exit€mail€and€call€Ìup€each€file€in€your€host€system's€text€processor€and€delete€each€one's€Ìentire€header€and€footer€(or€"signature"€at€the€end).€€When€done€with€Ìthis,€at€your€host€system's€command€line,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€cat€file1€file2€>€bigfileÌ€Ìwhere€file1€is€the€first€file,€file2€the€second€file,€and€so€on.€€The€>€Ìtells€your€host€system€to€combine€them€into€a€new€megafile€called€bigfile€Ì(or€whatever€you€want€to€call€it).€€After€you€save€the€file€to€your€home€Ìdirectory€(see€section€10.2€above),€you€can€then€run€uudecode,€tar,€etc.€ÌOne€word€of€caution,€though:€if€the€file€you€want€is€long€enough€that€it€Ìhas€to€be€broken€into€pieces,€think€of€how€much€time€it's€going€to€take€Ìyou€to€download€the€whole€thing€--€especially€if€you're€using€a€2400-baud€Ìmodem!€Ì€€€€€ÌThere€are€a€number€of€other€mail€servers.€€To€get€a€list,€send€an€e-mail€Ìmessage€to€mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu:€Ì€Ìsend€usenet/comp.sources.wanted/How_to_find_sources_(READ_THIS_BEFORE_POSTING)Ì€ÌYou'll€have€to€spell€it€exactly€as€listed€above.€€Some€mail€servers€use€Ìdifferent€software,€which€will€require€slightly€different€commands€than€Ìthe€ones€listed€here.€€In€general,€if€you€send€a€message€to€a€mail€server€Ìthat€says€only€Ì€Ì€€€€€helpÌ€Ìyou€should€get€back€a€file€detailing€all€of€its€commands.€Ì€€€€€ÌBut€what€if€the€file€you€want€is€not€on€one€of€these€mail€servers?€€ÌThat's€where€ftpmail€comes€in.€€Run€by€Digital€Equipment€Corp.€in€ÌCalifornia,€this€service€can€connect€to€almost€any€ftp€site€in€the€world,€Ìget€the€file€you€want€and€then€mail€it€to€you.€Using€it€is€fairly€simple€Ì--€you€send€an€e-mail€message€to€ftpmail€that€includes€a€series€of€Ìcommands€telling€the€system€where€to€find€the€file€you€want€and€how€to€Ìformat€it€to€mail€to€you.€ÌÐ .°+0 ÐCompose€an€e-mail€message€to€Ì€Ì€€€€€ftpmail@decwrl.dec.comÌ€ÌLeave€the€"subject:"€line€blank.€€Inside€the€message,€there€are€several€Ìcommands€you€can€give.€€The€first€line€should€be€Ì€Ì€€€€€reply€addressÌ€Ìwhere€"address"€is€your€e-mail€address.€The€next€line€should€be€Ì€Ì€€€€€connect€hostÌ€Ìwhere€"host"€is€the€system€that€has€the€file€you€want€(for€example:€Ìwuarchive.wustl.edu).€Other€commands€you€should€consider€using€are€Ì"binary"€(required€for€program€files);€"compress"€(reduces€the€file€Ìsize€for€quicker€transmission)€and€"uuencode"€(which€encodes€the€file€Ìso€you€can€do€something€with€it€when€it€arrives).€€The€last€line€of€Ìyour€message€should€be€the€word€"quit".€€ÌÌLet's€say€you€want€a€copy€of€the€U.S.€constitution.€€Using€archie,€you've€Ìfound€a€file€called,€surprise,€constitution,€at€the€ftp€site€Ìarchive.cis.ohio-state.edu,€in€the€/pub/firearms/politics/rkba€directory.€ÌYou'd€send€a€message€to€ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com€that€looks€like€this:€Ì€Ì€€€€€reply€adamg@world.std.comÌ€€€€€connect€archive.cis.ohio-state.eduÌ€€€€€binaryÌ€€€€€compressÌ€€€€€uuencodeÌ€€€€€get€pub/firearms/politics/rkba/constitutionÌ€€€€€quitÌ€ÌWhen€you€get€the€file€in€your€mailbox,€use€the€above€procedure€for€Ìcopying€it€to€a€file.€€Run€it€through€uudecode.€€Then€type€ÌÌ€€€€€uncompress€file.nameÌÌto€make€it€usable.ÌÌSince€this€was€a€text€file,€you€could€have€changed€the€"binary"€to€Ì"ascii"€and€then€eliminated€the€"uuencode"€file.€€For€programs,€though,€Ìyou'll€want€to€keep€these€lines.€€One€caveat€with€ftpmail:€it€has€become€Ìsuch€a€popular€service€that€it€could€take€a€week€or€more€for€your€Ìrequested€files€to€arrive.€Ì€ÌÌÔ% ‡â Ôò ò10.5€MINING€FOR€INFO€ON€USENET€VIA€E-MAILó óÔ%†â ÔÐ -Ç*/ ÐÐ  .±+0 ЇGrizzled€Usenet€veterans€(you€can€always€tell€them€by€the€coffee-stained€Ìleather€jackets€they€wear)€proudly€recall€the€days€when€they€could€read€Ìevery€single€article€posted€on€the€network€each€day€and€still€find€time€Ìto€do€some€work.€ÌÌBut€now,€with€the€number€of€newsgroups€approaching€10,000,€that,€of€Ìcourse,€is€impossible.€€That€causes€a€potential€problem,€though.€€What€if€Ìthere's€a€discussion€going€on€somewhere€you€might€be€interested€in?€€ÌSure,€Usenet€is€divided€into€hierarchies€and€newsgroups€with€the€goal€of€Ìhelping€people€find€discussions€on€specific€topics,€but€given€the€number€Ìof€people€who€now€post€each€day,€even€that€might€mean€you'll€miss€Ìsomething.€€And€if€you€go€on€vacation€and€you€come€back€to€2,000€new€Ìarticles€in€your€favorite€group,€the€temptation€is€awfully€high€to€just€Ìmark€them€all€as€read€rather€than€trying€to€dig€through€them€for€Ìuseful/interesting€messages.€ÌÌMeet€Stanford€University's€Netnews€Filtering€Server.€€Somewhere€at€ÌStanford€sits€a€computer€that€creates€a€daily€index€of€all€Usenet€Ìmessages€that€pass€through€it.€€Through€simple€e-mail€commands,€you€can€Ìget€this€machine€to€filter€out€articles€for€you€and€then€send€you€a€daily€Ìsummary€of€what€it€finds.€€If€the€summaries€of€each€article€look€Ìintriguing€enough,€you€can€then€have€the€entire€articles€mailed€to€you.€ÌÌThe€basic€commands€are€really€simple.€€You€tell€the€computer€what€to€look€Ìfor€and€how€frequently€you€want€to€receive€its€reports.€Send€an€e-mail€Ìmessage€to€ÌÌ€€€€€netnews@db.stanford.edu.€ÌÌLeave€the€subject€line€blank,€and€as€the€message,€write€ÌÌ€€€€€subscribe€phrase€or€word€Ì€€€€€period€1€ÌÌFor€example,€ÌÌ€€€€€subscribe€boston€bruins€Ì€€€€€period€1€ÌÌwould€set€the€machine€to€searching€for€references€to€the€Boston€Bruins€Ìand€then€report€back€to€you€every€day€(if€you€substituted€"period€2,"€it€Ìwould€report€back€to€you€every€two€days;€you€can€go€as€high€as€5).€€ÌThere's€an€optional€third€command,€"expire,''€which€you€would€use€to€tell€Ìthe€computer€how€many€days€to€keep€looking€for€you.€€For€example,€ÌÌ€€€€€€expire€30€ÌÌwould€end€the€search€after€30€days.€ÌÐ .°+0 ÐNow€let's€say€you€do€get€an€article€you€want€to€read€more€about.€€Each€Ìarticle€will€have€a€message€number.€€To€get€it,€write€back€to€Ìnetnews@db.stanford.edu€and€as€your€message,€write€ÌÌ€€€€€€€get€news.group.#€ÌÌfor€example,€ÌÌ€€€€€€€get€alt.sex.hamsters.duct-tape.4601€ÌÌYou€can€also€search€the€Stanford€database€for€existing€articles.€€Again,€Ìwrite€to€netnews@db.stanford.edu.€€As€your€message,€write€ÌÌ€€€€€€€search€word€or€phrase€ÌÌYou'll€get€back€a€list€of€possibly€relevant€articles.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ä Ôò ò10.6€€JUST€THE€FAX,€MA'AMó óÔ%†äËÔÐ ºb ÐÌÌYes,€the€Internet€is€by€far€the€world's€largest€computer€network.€€But€Ìnot€everybody's€connected€to€it€--€yet.€€Thanks€to€some€Internet€Ìpioneers,€however,€you€can€now€extend€the€reach€of€the€Net€to€people€who€Ìstill€rely€on€fax€machines.ÌÌIn€1993,€Carl€Malamud,€founder€of€the€Internet€Multicasting€Service€Ì(which€now€provides€everything€from€a€half-hour€talk€show€broadcast€over€Ìthe€Internet€to€databases€of€patent€and€SEC€information)€and€Marshall€ÌRose,€a€computer€consultant,€created€a€mechanism€for€translating€Internet€Ìe-mail€messages€into€faxes.€€Today,€you€can€reach€a€number€of€Ìmetropolitan€areas€in€the€U.S.,€Canada,€Denmark,€Germany,€Japan,€Korea,€ÌPortugal,€New€Zealand€and€the€United€Kingdom€via€their€service.€ÌÌTPC€depends€on€a€series€of€volunteers,€from€individuals€to€large€Ìcorporations,€who€have€agreed€to€provide€Internet-to-fax€services€in€a€Ìgiven€geographic€area.€€Technically,€TPC€is€an€experiment€at€this€point;€Ìone€of€the€issues€Malamud€and€Rose€are€looking€at€for€the€long€term€is€Ìhow€to€make€the€system€pay€for€itself.ÌÌSending€a€fax€via€TPC€is€as€easy€as€sending€an€e-mail€message,€with€the€Ìexception€of€figuring€out€the€e-mail€address€to€use€for€a€given€fax,€Ìwhich,€to€an€outsider,€looks€awfully€bizarre.ÌÌFirst,€you€want€to€get€a€TPC€coverage€list€to€see€if€the€person€you€want€Ìto€reach€is€in€an€area€served€by€TPC.€€Send€an€e-mail€message€to€tpc-Ìcoverage@town.hall.org€(it€doesn't€really€matter€what€you€say€in€the€Ìmessage;€"send€info"€works€fine).€€You'll€get€back€a€list€showing€the€Ìmetropolitan€areas€now€covered,€as€well€as,€in€many€cases,€the€specific€Ð  .±+0 Ðexchanges€within€those€areas€you€can€reach.€Assuming€the€person€you€want€Ìto€reach€is€in€one€of€these€areas,€you're€ready€to€go.€ÌÌNow€to€figure€out€the€e-mail€address€for€a€given€fax€number.€€ÌTake€the€phone€number€and€add€the€particular€country's€international€Ìdialing€code€to€the€front€€--€even€if€you're€sending€a€fax€to€somebody€in€Ìyour€own€country€(the€U.S.'s€international€code€is€1).€€Do€not,€however,€Ìinclude€whatever€digits€you€would€dial€just€to€get€an€international€Ìcircuit€(which€in€the€U.S.€would€be€011).€Now€remove€any€parentheses,€Ìhyphens€or€spaces.€€So,€for€example,€1€(213)€555-1234€would€become€Ì12135551234.€Add€".iddd.tpc.int"€to€the€end€of€that,€for€example:€ÌÌ€€€€€12135551234.iddd.tpc.intÌÌThat's€the€part€of€the€address€to€the€right€of€the€@€sign.€€The€left€half€Ìof€the€address€will€look€something€like€this:€ÌÌ€€€€€remote-printer.John_Doe/5th_floorÌÌThis€is€actually€a€clever€way€to€have€a€cover€sheet€printed€for€your€fax.€ÌAll€TPC€addresses€start€with€"remote-printer."€€The€next€part,€as€you€can€Ìsee,€is€the€name€of€the€person€you€want€to€reach.€€Since€you€can't€have€Ìspaces€in€an€Internet€address,€always€separate€the€names€with€a€_.€A€TPC€Ìfax€server€interprets€a€/€as€a€message€to€move€to€the€next€line€on€the€Ìcover€page.€€So€put€all€this€together,€and€you€get:€ÌÌ€€€€€remote-printer.John_Doe/5th_floor@12135551234.iddd.tpc.intÌÌÌPhew!€€But€it€works!€€Now€compose€your€e-mail€message€and€send€it€to€the€Ìaddress€you've€just€created.€TPC€will€then€route€it€to€the€nearest€Ìparticipating€fax€machine,€for€delivery€to€your€recipient.€€Once€your€fax€Ìis€delivered,€you'll€even€get€a€confirmation€notice€via€e-mail.€€If€you€Ìhave€addresses€you€plan€to€write€to€more€than€once,€it€would€make€eminent€Ìsense€to€put€them€in€your€Pine€or€Elm€address€book.€€Speaking€of€Pine,€Ìyou€can€use€its€ability€to€forward€message€attachments€to€send€graphics€Ìas€part€of€the€fax.€€See€under€FYI€to€see€how€to€get€information€on€this.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡æ Ôò ò10.7€€THE€ALL€KNOWING€ORACLEó óÔ%†æ"ÔÐ ×%#' ÐÌÌOne€other€thing€you€can€do€through€e-mail€is€consult€with€the€Usenet€ÌOracle.€€You€can€ask€the€Oracle€anything€at€all€and€get€back€an€answer€Ì(whether€you'll€like€the€answer€is€another€question).€ÌÌFirst,€you'll€want€to€get€instructions€on€how€to€address€the€Oracle€(he,€Ìor€she,€or€it,€is€very€particular€about€such€things€and€likes€being€Ìaddressed€in€august,€solemn€and€particularly€sycophantic€tones).€€Start€Ð  .±+0 Ðan€e-mail€message€to€Ì€Ì€€€€€oracle@iuvax.cs.indiana.edu€Ì€ÌIn€the€"subject:"€line,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€help€Ì€€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You€don't€actually€have€to€say€anything€in€the€message€Ìitself€--€at€least€not€yet.€€Hit€control-D€to€send€off€your€request€Ìfor€help.€€Within€a€few€hours,€the€Oracle€will€mail€you€back€detailed€Ìinstructions.€€It's€a€fairly€long€file,€so€before€you€start€reading€Ìit,€turn€on€your€communications€software's€logging€function,€to€save€Ìit€to€your€computer€(or€save€the€message€to€a€file€on€your€host€system's€Ìhome€directory€and€then€download€the€file).€€After€you've€digested€it,€Ìyou€can€compose€your€question€to€the€Oracle.€€Mail€it€to€the€above€Ìaddress,€only€this€time€with€a€subject€line€that€describes€your€Ìquestion.€€Expect€an€answer€within€a€couple€of€days.€And€don't€be€Ìsurprised€if€you€also€find€a€question€in€your€mailbox€--€the€Oracle€Ìextracts€payment€by€making€seekers€of€knowledge€answer€questions€as€Ìwell!ÌÌÌÔ% ‡è Ôò ò10.8€WHEN€THINGS€GO€WRONGó óÔ%†èÜ'ÔÐ Gï ÐÌÌ*€You€get€back€an€error€message€that€your€fax€could€not€be€delivered.ÌÌWith€TPC,€that€could€mean€one€of€two€things.€€Either€you€tried€sending€a€Ìfax€to€an€area€not€covered€by€TPC€or€you€made€a€mistake€converting€the€Ìfax€number€into€a€TPC€address.€Double-check€both€the€list€of€TPC€coverage€Ìareas€and€the€address€you€created.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ê Ôò ò10.9€FYIó óÔ%†êy)ÔÐ K!ó" ÐÌÌTo€get€a€more€comprehensive€guide€to€Stanford's€Netnews€Filtering€Server,€Ìwhich€includes€tips€on€helping€the€computer€better€refine€your€searches,€Ìwrite€netnews@db.stanford.edu.€€Leave€the€subject€line€blank,€and€as€your€Ìmessage,€write:€ÌÌ€€€€€help€€€€€€€€€ÌÌTPC€(which€gets€its€name€from€the€1967€movie€"The€President's€Analyst")€Ìmaintains€a€mailing€list€to€discuss€the€project.€€To€get€on€it,€send€your€Ìrequest€to€€tpc-rp-request@aarnet.edu.au.€€To€get€more€detailed€Ìinformation€on€TPC,€send€a€message€to€tpc-faq@town.hall.org.€ÌÐ  .²+0 ЇÌÌÌÐ  » ÐÔ% €, Ôò òChapter€11:€NEWS€OF€THE€WORLDó óÐ X ÐÌÌÌÔ% ‡ì Ôò ò11.1€€€CLARINET:€ASSOCIATED€PRESS,€MISS€MANNERS€AND€DILBERTó óÔ%†ìK,ÔÐ ý¥ ÐÌ€ÌUsenet€"newsgroups"€can€be€something€of€a€misnomer.€€They€may€be€Ìinteresting,€informative€and€educational,€but€they€are€often€not€news,€at€Ìleast,€not€the€way€most€people€would€think€of€them.€But€there€are€several€Ìsources€of€news€and€sports€on€the€Net.€€ÌÌOne€of€the€largest€is€Clarinet,€a€company€in€Cupertino,€Calf.,€that€Ìdistributes€wire-service€news€and€columns,€along€with€a€news€service€Ìdevoted€to€computers€and€even€the€Dilbert€comic€strip,€in€Usenet€form.€€ÌÌBecause€Clarinet€charges€for€its€service,€not€all€host€systems€carry€its€Ìarticles.€Those€that€do€carry€them€as€Usenet€groups€starting€with€Ì"clari."€€As€with€other€Usenet€hierarchies,€these€are€named€starting€with€Ìbroad€area€and€ending€with€more€specific€categories.€€Some€of€these€Ìinclude€business€news€(clari.biz);€general€national€and€foreign€news,€Ìpolitics€and€the€like€(clari.news),€sports€(clari.sports);€columns€by€ÌMike€Royko,€Miss€Manners,€and€others€(clari.feature);€and€NewsBytes€Ìcomputer€and€telecommunications€reports€(clari.nb).€€Because€Clarinet€Ìstarted€in€Canada,€there€is€a€separate€set€of€clari.canada€newsgroups.€€ÌThe€clari.nb€newsgroups€are€divided€into€specific€computer€types€Ì(clari.nb.apple,€for€example).€ÌÌClari€newsgroups€feature€stories€updated€around€the€clock.€€There€are€Ìeven€a€couple€of€"bulletin"€newsgroups€for€breaking€stories:€Ìclari.news.bulletin€and€clari.news.urgent.€€Clarinet€also€sets€up€new€Ìnewsgroups€for€breaking€stories€that€become€ongoing€ones€(such€as€major€Ìnatural€disasters,€coups€in€large€countries€and€the€like).€Ì€€€€€ÌOccasionally,€you€will€see€stories€in€clari€newsgroups€that€just€Ìdon't€seem€to€belong€there.€€This€happens€because€of€the€way€wire€Ìservices€work.€€AP€uses€three-letter€codes€to€route€its€stories€to€Ìthe€newspapers€and€radio€stations€that€make€up€most€of€its€clientele,€and€Ìharried€editors€on€deadline€sometimes€punch€in€the€wrong€code.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡î Ôò ò11.2€€STILL€MORE€NEWS€ON€THE€NETó óÔ%†î)4ÔÐ «'S%) ÐÌÌSeveral€newspapers€around€the€world€now€offer€online€editions€on€the€ÌWorld-Wide€Web.€Typically,€this€includes€not€only€copies€of€current€news€Ìand€sports€stories,€but€features€and,€increasingly,€advertisements€(well,€Ìthey€have€to€pay€for€it€somehow).€€ÌÐ  .³+0 ÐOne€of€the€first€newspapers€to€go€online€with€a€daily€edition€was€the€ÌCharlotte€News€and€Observer€in€North€Carolina,€at€http://www.nando.net.€€ÌYou'll€find€world€news,€sports€news€(including€homepages€devoted€to€Ìspecific€teams)€and€features€about€North€Carolina.€ÌÌYou'd€expect€the€San€Jose€Mercury€News,€in€the€heart€of€California's€ÌSilicon€Valley,€to€be€online,€and€it€is,€at€http://www.sjmercury.com.€€ÌLook€for€daily€news€and€sports,€as€well€as€documents€and€features€not€Ìalways€found€in€the€printed€version.€The€Mercury€News€also€offers€a€for-Ìfee€service€that€will€e-mail€you€stories€and€classifieds€with€keywords€Ìyou€specify.ÌÌThe€London€Telegraph's€Electronic€Telegraph€provides€a€similar€supply€Ìof€stories,€with€a€British€slant,€naturally,€at€Ìhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk.€€You'll€have€to€register€to€use€the€service,€Ìbut€it's€free.€ÌÌAlso€online€is€Time€magazine,€at€http://www.timeinc.com.€€In€addition€to€Ìproviding€copies€of€news€stories,€this€Web€site€also€lets€you€participate€Ìin€online€conferences€about€the€news.ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ð Ôò ò11.3€€THE€WORLD€TODAY,€FROM€BELARUS€TO€BRAZILó óÔ%†ð§9ÔÐ ^ ÐÌ€ÌThe€Open€Media€Research€Institute€(formerly€known€as€Radio€Free€Europe/Radio€ÌLiberty)€provides€daily€news€summaries€from€Eastern€Europe€and€the€former€ÌSoviet€Union.€€The€digests€are€available€via€e-mail.€€Write€to€Ìlistserv@ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu.€€Leave€the€"subject:"€line€blank,€and€as€your€Ìmessage,€write:ÌÌ€€€€€subscribe€omri-l€your€nameÌÌThe€Voice€of€America,€a€government€broadcasting€service€aimed€at€other€Ìcountries,€provides€transcripts€of€its€English-language€news€reports€Ìthrough€both€gopher€and€anonymous€ftp.€€For€the€former,€use€gopher€to€Ìconnect€to€this€address:€ÌÌ€€€€€gopher.voa.govÌÌand€for€the€latter,€to€this€address:ÌÌ€€€€€ftp.voa.govÌÌDaily€Brazilian€news€updates€are€available€(in€Portuguese)€from€the€ÌUniversity€of€Sao€Paulo.€€Use€anonymous€ftp€to€connect€to€Ì€Ì€€€€€uspif.if.usp.br̀Р .±+0 ÐUse€cd€to€switch€to€the€whois€directory.€€The€news€summaries€are€stored€Ìin€files€with€this€form:€NEWS.23OCT92;1.€€But€to€get€them,€leave€off€the€Ìsemicolon€and€the€1,€and€don't€capitalize€anything,€for€example:̀̀€€€€get€news.23oct92ÌÌ€ÌÔ% ‡ò Ôò ò11.4€€FYIó óÔ%†òA>ÔÐ ·_ ÐÌÌSteve€Outing€maintains€a€list€of€newspapers€with€online€services€and€how€Ìto€connect€to€them.€€It's€available€on€the€Web€at€Ìhttp://marketplace.com/e-papers.list.www/e-papers.outing.html€Ì€€€€ÌThe€clari.net.newusers€newsgroup€on€Usenet€provides€a€number€of€Ìarticles€about€Clarinet€and€ways€of€finding€news€stories€of€interest€Ìto€you.ÌÌTo€discuss€the€future€of€newspapers€and€newsrooms€in€the€new€Ìelectronic€medium,€subscribe€to€the€online-news€mailing€list.€Send€a€mail€Ìmessage€of€ÌÌ€€€€€Subscribe€online-news€Your€NameÌÌto€majordomo@marketplace.com.ÌÌLook€in€the€alt.radio.networks.npr€newsgroup€in€Usenet€for€Ìsummaries€of€NPR€news€shows€such€as€"All€Things€Considered."€€This€Ìnewsgroup€is€also€a€place€to€discuss€the€network€and€its€shows,€Ìpersonalities€and€policies.€ÌÌA€number€of€media€organizations€now€encourage€readers,€listeners€and€Ìviewers€to€communicate€with€them€electronically,€via€Internet€e-mail€Ìaddresses.€€they€range€from€internationally€known€newspapers€such€as€the€ÌTimes€of€London€to€college-owned€FM€stations.€€You€can€get€a€list€of€Ìmedia€outlets€with€e-mail€addresses€via€anonymous€ftp€or€ncftp€at€Ìftp.std.com,€in€the€/periodicals/middlesex-news€directory.€€Get€Ìthe€file€called€medialist.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  |)$'+ ÐÔ% €. Ôò òChapter€12:€IRC,€MUDs€AND€OTHER€THINGS€THAT€ARE€MORE€FUN€THAN€THEYó óÐ X Ðò òSOUNDó óÐ Bê Ð̀̀ÌMany€Net€systems€provide€access€to€a€series€of€interactive€services€that€Ìlet€you€hold€live€"chats"€or€play€online€games€with€people€around€the€Ìworld.€€To€find€out€if€your€host€system€offers€these,€you€can€ask€your€Ìsystem€administrator€or€just€try€them€--€if€nothing€happens,€then€your€Ìsystem€does€not€provide€them.€€In€general,€if€you€can€use€telnet€and€ftp,€Ìchances€are€good€you€can€use€these€services€as€well.€Ì€Ì€ÌÔ% ‡ô Ôò ò12.1€€TALKó óÔ%†ô›EÔÐ /×  Ѐ̀ÌThis€is€the€Net€equivalent€of€a€telephone€conversation€and€requires€that€Ìboth€you€and€the€person€you€want€to€talk€to€have€access€to€this€function€Ìand€are€online€at€the€same€time.€€To€use€it,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€talk€user@site.nameÌ€Ìwhere€user@site.name€is€the€e-mail€address€of€the€other€person.€€She€will€Ìsee€something€like€this€on€her€screen:€Ì€Ì€€€€€talk:€connection€requested€by€yourname@site.nameÌ€€€€€talk:€respond€with:€€talk€yourname@site.nameÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌTo€start€the€conversation,€she€should€then€type€(at€her€host€system's€Ìcommand€line):Ì€€€Ì€€€€€talk€yourname@site.nameÌ€Ìwhere€that€is€your€e-mail€address.€€Both€of€you€will€then€get€a€top€Ìand€bottom€window€on€your€screen.€€She€will€see€everything€you€type€in€Ìone€window;€you'll€see€everything€she€types€in€the€other.€€To€Ìdisconnect,€hit€control-C.Ì€€€€€ÌOne€note:€Public-access€sites€that€use€Sun€computers€sometimes€have€Ìtrouble€with€the€talk€program.€€If€talk€does€not€work,€try€typing̀̀€€€€otalkÌ€Ìor̀̀€€€€ntalkÌ€Ìinstead.€€However,€the€party€at€the€other€end€will€have€to€have€the€same€Ìprogram€online€for€the€connection€to€work.€Ð  .³+0 Ѐ̀ÌÔ% ‡ö Ôò ò12.2€€INTERNET€RELAY€CHATó óÔ%†öJÔÐ *Ò 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Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/query€nicknamè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€Every€message€you€type€after€that€will€go€only€to€that€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€person.€€If€she€then€types̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/query€nicknamè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€where€nickname€is€yours,€then€you€have€established€a€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€private€conversation.€€To€exit€this€mode,€typè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/querỳ̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€by€itself.€€While€in€query€mode,€you€and€the€other€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€person€can€continue€to€"listen"€to€the€discussion€on€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€whatever€public€channels€you€were€on,€although€neither€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€of€you€will€be€able€to€respond€to€any€of€the€messages€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€there.€Ì€Ì/quit€€€€€€€€€Exit€IRC.Ì€Ì/signoff€€€€€€Exit€IRC.Ì€Ì/summon€€€€€€€Asks€somebody€connected€to€a€host€system€with€IRC€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€join€you€on€IRC.€You€must€use€the€person's€entire€e-mailÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€address.̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/summon€fleepo@foo.bar.com̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€would€send€a€message€to€fleepo€asking€him€to€start€IRC.€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Usually€not€a€good€idea€to€just€summon€people€unless€you€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€know€they're€already€amenable€to€the€idea;€otherwise€you€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€may€wind€up€annoying€them€no€end.€This€command€does€notÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€work€on€all€sites.Ì€Ì/topic€€€€€€€€When€you've€started€a€new€channel,€use€this€command€to€letÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€others€know€what€it's€about.̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/topic€#Amigà̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€would€tell€people€who€use€/list€that€your€channel€is€meantÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€for€discussing€Amiga€computers.Ì€Ì/who€€€€Shows€you€the€e-mail€address€of€people€on€a€particular€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€channel.̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/who€#foò̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€would€show€you€the€addresses€of€everybody€on€channel€foo.̀Р.°+0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/whò̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€by€itself€shows€you€every€e-mail€address€for€every€person€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€on€IRC€at€the€time,€although€be€careful:€on€a€busy€nightÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€might€get€a€list€of€500€names!Ì€Ì/whois€€€€€€€€Use€this€to€get€some€information€about€a€specific€IRC€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€user€or€to€see€who€is€online.€€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/whois€nicknamè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€will€give€you€the€e-mail€address€for€the€person€using€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€that€nickname.€€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/whois€*̀̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€will€list€everybody€on€every€channel.Ì€Ì/whowas€€€€€€€Similar€to€/whois;€gives€information€for€people€who€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€recently€signed€off€IRC.̀̀ÌÔ% ‡ú Ôò ò12.4€€IRC€IN€TIMES€OF€CRISISó óÔ%†úÁwÔÐ ^ ÐÌÌIRC€has€become€a€new€medium€for€staying€on€top€of€really€big€breaking€Ìnews.€€In€1993,€when€Russian€lawmakers€barricaded€themselves€inside€the€Ìparliament€building,€some€enterprising€Muscovites€and€a€couple€of€ÌAmericans€set€up€a€"news€channel"€on€IRC€to€relay€first-person€accounts€Ìdirect€from€Moscow.€The€channel€was€set€up€to€provide€a€continuous€loop€Ìof€information,€much€like€all-news€radio€stations€that€cycle€through€the€Ìday's€news€every€20€minutes.€€In€1994,€Los€Angeles€residents€set€up€a€Ìsimilar€channel€to€relay€information€related€to€the€Northridge€Ìearthquake.€€In€both€cases,€logs€of€the€channels€were€archived€somewhere€Ìon€the€Net,€for€those€unable€to€"tune€in"€live.€ÌÌHow€would€you€find€such€channels€in€the€future?€€Use€the€/list€command€to€Ìscroll€through€the€available€channels.€€If€one€has€been€set€up€to€discuss€Ìa€particular€breaking€event,€chances€are€you'll€see€a€brief€description€Ìnext€to€the€channel€name€that€will€tell€you€that's€the€place€to€tune.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ü Ôò ò12.5€€MUDsó óÔ%†üò{ÔÐ “(;&* Ѐ̀ÌMultiple-User€Dimensions€or€Dungeons€(MUDs)€take€IRC€into€the€realm€of€Ìfantasy.€€MUDs€are€live,€role-playing€games€in€which€you€enter€assume€a€Ìnew€identity€and€enter€an€alternate€reality€through€your€keyboard.€€As€Ìyou€explore€this€other€world,€through€a€series€of€simple€commands€(such€Ð  .²+0 Ðas€"look,"€"go"€and€"take"),€you'll€run€across€other€users,€who€may€Ìengage€you€in€a€friendly€discussion,€enlist€your€aid€in€some€quest€or€try€Ìto€kill€you€for€no€apparent€reason.€ÌÌEach€MUD€has€its€own€personality€and€creator€(or€God)€who€was€willing€to€Ìput€in€the€long€hours€required€to€establish€the€particular€MUD's€rules,€Ìlaws€of€nature€and€information€databases.€€Some€MUDs€stress€the€social€Ìaspects€of€online€communications€--€users€frequently€gather€online€to€Ìchat€and€join€together€to€build€new€structures€or€even€entire€realms.€€ÌOthers€are€closer€to€"Dungeons€and€Dragons"€and€are€filled€with€Ìsorcerers,€dragons€and€evil€people€out€to€keep€you€from€completing€your€Ìquest€--€through€murder€if€necessary.€ÌÌMany€MUDs€(there€are€also€related€games€known€as€MUCKs€and€MUSEs)€require€Ìyou€to€apply€in€advance,€through€e-mail,€for€a€character€name€and€Ìpassword.€€One€that€lets€you€look€around€first,€though,€is€HoloMuck€at€ÌMcGill€University€in€Montreal.€€The€premise€of€this€game€is€that€you€Ìarrive€in€the€middle€of€Tanstaafl,€a€city€on€the€planet€Holo.€€You€have€Ìto€find€a€place€to€live€(else€you€get€thrown€into€the€homeless€shelter)€Ìand€then€you€can€begin€exploring.€€Magic€is€allowed€on€this€world,€but€Ìonly€outside€the€city€limits.€€Get€bored€with€the€city€and€you€can€roam€Ìthe€rest€of€the€world€or€even€take€a€trip€into€orbit€(of€course,€all€this€Ìtakes€money;€you€can€either€wait€for€your€weekly€salary€or€take€a€trip€to€Ìthe€city€casino).€€Once€you€become€familiar€with€the€city€and€get€your€Ìown€character,€you€can€even€begin€erecting€your€own€building€(or€subway€Ìline,€or€almost€anything€else).€ÌÌTo€connect,€telnet€to€Ì€Ì€€€€€collatz.mcrcim.mcgill.edu€5757Ì€ÌWhen€you€connect,€typè̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€connect€guest€guestÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€This€connects€you€to€the€"guest"€account,€which€has€a€Ìpassword€of€"guest."€€You'll€see€this:€Ì€ÌThe€Homeless€Shelter(#22Rna)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌYou€wake€up€in€the€town's€Homeless€Shelter,€where€vagrants€are€put€for€€€€€€€€€Ìprotective€holding.€€Please€don't€sleep€in€public€places--€there€are€plenty€of€Ìopen€apartments€available.€€Type€'apartments'€to€see€how€to€get€to€an€€€€€€€€€€Ìapartment€building€with€open€vacancies.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌThere€is€a€small€sign€on€the€wall€here,€with€helpful€information.€€Type€'look€€Ìsign'€to€read€it.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌThe€door€is€standing€open€for€your€return€to€respectable€society.€€Simply€walk€Ì'out'€to€the€center.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€Of€course,€you€want€to€join€respectable€society,€but€first€you€Ìwant€to€see€what€that€sign€says.€€So€you€type€Ð .°+0 Ѐ̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€look€signÌ€Ìand€hit€enter,€which€brings€up€a€list€of€some€basic€commands.€€Then€Ìyou€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€outÌ€Ìfollowed€by€enter,€which€brings€up€this:Ì€ÌYou€slip€out€the€door,€and€head€southeast...€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌTanstaafl€Center€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌThis€is€the€center€of€the€beautiful€town€of€Tanstaafl.€€High€Street€runs€north€Ìand€south€into€residential€areas,€while€Main€Street€runs€east€and€west€into€€€€Ìbusiness€districts.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌSW:€is€Tanstaafl€Towers.€€Please€claim€an€apartment...€no€sleeping€in€public!€€ÌSE:€the€Public€Library€offers€both€information€and€entertainment.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌNW:€is€the€Homeless€Shelter,€formerly€the€Town€Jail.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌNE:€is€Town€Hall,€site€of€several€important€services,€including:€Public€€€€€€€€ÌMessage€Board,€Bureau€of€Land€Management€(with€maps€and€regulations),€and€€€€€€Ìother€governmental/€bureaucratic€help.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌDown:€Below€a€sign€marked€with€both€red€and€blue€large€letter€'U's,€a€€€€€€€€€€Ìstaircase€leads€into€an€underground€subway€passage.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì(Feel€free€to€'look'€in€any€direction€for€more€information.)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì[Obvious€exits:€launch,€d,€nw,€se,€w,€e,€n,€s,€ne,€sw]€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌContents:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌInstructions€for€newcomers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌDirectional€signpost€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌFounders'€statue€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌTo€see€"Instructions€for€newcomers",€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€look€Instructions€for€newcomersÌ€Ìand€hit€enter.€€You€could€do€the€same€for€"Directional€signpost"€and€Ì"Founders'€statue."€€Then€typè̀€€€€SWÌ€Ìand€enter€to€get€to€Tanstaafl€Towers,€the€city€housing€complex,€where€Ìyou€have€to€claim€an€apartment€(you€may€have€to€look€around;€many€will€Ìalready)€be€occupied.€€And€now€it's€off€to€explore€Holo!€€One€command€Ìyou'll€want€to€keep€in€mind€is€"take."€Periodically,€you'll€come€Ìacross€items€that,€when€you€take€them€will€confer€certain€abilities€or€Ìpowers€on€you.€€If€you€typè̀€€€€helpÌ€Ìand€enter,€you'll€get€a€list€of€files€you€can€read€to€learn€more€about€Ð .°+0 Ðthe€MUD's€commands.Ì€€€€€ÌThe€"say"€command€lets€you€talk€to€other€players€publicly.€For€example,€Ì€Ì€€€€€say€Hey,€I'm€here!Ì€Ìwould€be€broadcast€to€everybody€else€in€the€room€with€you.€€If€you€Ìwant€to€talk€to€just€one€particular€person,€use€"whisper"€instead€of€Ì"say."ÌÌ€€€€€whisper€agora=Hey,€I'm€here!€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€Ìwould€be€heard€only€by€agora.€€Another€way€to€communicate€with€somebody€Ìregardless€of€where€on€the€world€they€are€is€through€your€pager.€€If€you€Ìsuddenly€see€yours€go€off€while€visiting,€chances€are€it's€a€wizard€Ìchecking€to€see€if€you€need€any€help.€€To€read€his€message,€type€Ì€Ì€€€€€pageÌ€ÌTo€send€him€a€message,€typè̀€€€€page€name=messageÌ€Ìwhere€name€is€the€wizard's€name€(it'll€be€in€the€original€message).Ì€€€€€ÌOther€MUDs€and€MUCKs€may€have€different€commands,€but€generally€use€the€Ìsame€basic€idea€of€letting€you€navigate€through€relatively€simple€English€Ìcommands.€€€ÌÌWhen€you€connect€to€a€MUD,€choose€your€password€as€carefully€as€you€would€Ìone€for€your€host€system;€alas,€there€are€MUD€crackers€who€enjoy€trying€Ìto€break€into€other€people's€MUD€accounts.€€And€never,€never€use€the€same€Ìpassword€as€the€one€you€use€on€your€host€system!€ÌÌMUDs€can€prove€highly€addicting.€€"The€jury€is€still€out€on€whether€ÌMUDding€is€'just€a€game'€€or€'an€extension€of€real€life€with€gamelike€Ìqualities',"€says€Jennifer€Smith,€an€active€MUD€player€who€wrote€an€FAQ€Ìon€the€subject.€ÌÌShe€adds€one€caution:€"You€shouldn't€do€anything€that€you€wouldn't€do€in€Ìreal€life,€even€if€the€world€is€a€fantasy€world.€€The€important€thing€to€Ìremember€is€that€it's€the€fantasy€world€of€possibly€hundreds€of€people,€Ìand€not€just€yours€in€€particular.€€There's€a€human€being€on€the€other€Ìside€of€each€and€every€wire!€€Always€remember€that€you€may€meet€these€Ìother€people€some€day,€€and€they€may€break€your€nose.€€People€who€treat€Ìothers€badly€gradually€build€up€bad€reputations€and€eventually€receive€Ìthe€NO€FUN€Stamp€of€Disapproval."€Ì€Ì€Ð .°+0 ЇÔ% ‡þ Ôò ò12.6€€GO,€GO,€GO€(AND€CHESS,€TOO)!ó óÔ%†þ:™ÔÐ X ÐÌFancy€a€good€game€of€go€or€chess?€€You€no€longer€have€to€head€for€the€Ìnearest€park€with€a€board€in€hand.€€The€Internet€has€a€couple€of€machines€Ìthat€let€you€engage€people€from€around€the€world€in€your€favorite€board€Ìgames.€€Or,€if€you€prefer,€you€can€watch€matches€in€progress.€ÌÌTo€play€go,€ÌÌ€€€€€telnet€hellspark.wharton.upenn.edu€6969Ì€€€€€log€on€as:€guestÌÌYou'll€find€prompts€to€various€online€help€files€to€get€you€started.€Ì€€€€€ÌFor€a€chess€match,€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€telnet€chess.lm.com€5000Ì€€€€€log€on€as:€guestÌÌYou'll€find€prompts€for€online€help€files€on€the€system,€which€lets€you€Ìchoose€your€skill€level.€€Other€game€servers€include:ÌÌ€€€€€The€Backgammon€Server€(telnet):€fraggel65.mdstud.chalmers.se€4321Ì€€€€€Bridge€on€the€Internet€(the€Web):€http://www.cts.com/~okbridge/ÌÌÌÌÌÔ% ‡ Ôò ò12.7€€THE€OTHER€SIDE€OF€THE€COINó óÔ%†ÁœÔÐ Õ} ЀÌÌAll€is€not€fun€and€games€on€the€Net.€€Like€any€community,€the€Net€has€its€Ìshare€of€obnoxious€characters€who€seem€to€exist€only€to€make€your€life€Ìmiserable€(you've€already€met€some€of€them€in€chapter€4).€€There€are€Ìpeople€who€seem€to€spend€a€bit€more€time€on€the€Net€than€many€would€find€Ìhealthy.€€It€also€has€its€criminals.€€Clifford€Stoll€writes€in€"The€ÌCuckoo's€Egg"€how€he€tracked€a€team€of€German€hackers€who€were€breaking€Ìinto€U.S.€computers€and€selling€the€information€they€found€to€the€ÌSoviets.€€Robert€Morris,€a€Cornell€University€student,€was€convicted€of€Ìunleashing€a€"worm"€program€that€effectively€disabled€several€thousand€Ìcomputers€connected€to€the€Internet.€€ÌÌOf€more€immediate€concern€to€the€average€Net€user€are€crackers€who€seek€Ìto€find€other's€passwords€to€break€into€Net€systems€and€people€who€infect€Ìprograms€on€ftp€sites€with€viruses.€ÌÌThere€is€a€widely€available€program€known€as€"Crack"€that€can€decipher€Ìuser€passwords€composed€of€words€that€might€be€found€in€a€dictionary€Ì(this€is€why€you€shouldn't€use€such€passwords).€€Short€of€that,€there€are€Ð  .²+0 Ðthe€annoying€types€who€take€a€special€thrill€in€trying€to€make€you€Ìmiserable.€€The€best€advice€in€dealing€with€them€is€to€count€to€10€and€Ìthen€ignore€them€--€like€juveniles€everywhere,€most€of€their€fun€comes€in€Ìseeing€how€upset€you€can€get.€ÌÌMeanwhile,€two€Cornell€University€students€pleaded€guilty€in€1992€to€Ìuploading€virus-infected€Macintosh€programs€to€ftp€sites.€€If€you€plan€to€Ìtry€out€large€amounts€of€software€from€ftp€sites,€it€might€be€wise€to€Ìdownload€or€buy€a€good€anti-viral€program.€ÌÌBut€can€law€enforcement€go€too€far€in€seeking€out€the€criminals?€€The€ÌElectronic€Frontier€Foundation€was€founded€in€large€part€in€response€to€a€Ìseries€of€government€raids€against€an€alleged€gang€of€hackers.€€The€raids€Ìresulted€in€the€near€bankruptcy€of€one€game€company€never€alleged€to€have€Ìhad€anything€to€do€with€the€hackers,€when€the€government€seized€its€Ìcomputers€and€refused€to€give€them€back.€€The€case€against€another€Ìalleged€participant€collapsed€in€court€when€his€attorney€showed€the€Ì"proprietary"€and€supposedly€hacked€information€he€printed€in€an€Ìelectronic€newsletter€was€actually€available€via€an€800€number€for€about€Ì$13€--€from€the€phone€company€from€which€that€data€was€taken.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ Ôò ò12.8€€FYIó óÔ%†0¦ÔÐ ^ ЀÌYou€can€find€discussions€about€IRC€in€the€alt.irc€newsgroup.€ÌÌ"A€Discussion€on€Computer€Network€Conferencing,"€by€Darren€Reed€(May,€Ì1992),€provides€a€theoretical€background€on€why€conferencing€systems€such€Ìas€IRC€are€a€Good€Thing.€€It's€available€through€ftp€at€nic.ddn.mil€in€Ìthe€rfc€directory€as€rfc1324.txt.€ÌÌEvery€Friday,€Scott€Goehring€posts€a€new€list€of€€MUDs€and€related€games€Ìand€their€telnet€addresses€in€the€newsgroup€rec.games.mud.announce.€There€Ìare€several€other€mud€newsgroups€related€to€specific€types€of€MUDs,€Ìincluding€rec.games.mud.social,€rec.games.mud.adventure,€Ìrec.games.mud.tiny,€rec.games.mud.diku€and€rec.games.mud.lp.€ÌÌFor€a€good€overview€of€the€impact€on€the€Internet€of€the€Morris€Worm,€Ìread€"Virus€Highlights€Need€for€Improved€Internet€Management,"€by€the€ÌU.S.€General€Accounting€Office€(June,€1989).€€You€can€get€a€copy€via€ftp€Ìfrom€cert.sei.cmu.edu€in€the€pub/virus-l/docs€directory.€€It's€listed€as€Ìgao_rpt.€ÌÌClifford€Stoll€describes€how€the€Internet€works€and€how€he€tracked€a€Ìgroup€of€KGB-paid€German€hackers€through€it,€in€"The€Cuckoo's€Egg:€ÌTracking€a€Spy€through€the€Maze€of€Computer€Espionage,"€Doubleday€(1989).€ÌÌFor€information€on€keeping€your€e-mail€private,€use€anonymous€FTP€Ìor€ncftp€to€connect€to€ftp.eff.org€and€switch€to€the€Ð  .±+0 Ðpub/Net_info/EFF_Net_Guide/Updates€directory€and€get€the€file€Ìnetupdate.003.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  ·_ ÐÔ% €0 Ôò òChapter€13:€EDUCATION€AND€THE€NET€ó óÐ X Ѐ̀̀ÌÔ% ‡ Ôò ò13.1€€THE€NET€IN€THE€CLASSROOMó óÔ%†L¬ÔÐ ý¥ ÐÌÌIf€you're€a€teacher,€you've€probably€already€begun€to€see€the€potential€Ìthe€Net€has€for€use€in€the€class.€€Usenet,€the€Web€and€ftp€have€Ìtremendous€educational€potential,€from€keeping€up€with€world€events€to€Ìarranging€international€science€experiments.€ÌÌBecause€the€Net€now€reaches€so€many€countries€and€often€stays€online€even€Ìwhen€the€phones€go€down,€you€and€your€students€can€€"tune€in"€to€first-Ìhand€accounts€during€international€conflicts.€€Look€at€your€system's€list€Ìof€Usenet€soc.culture€groups€to€see€if€there€is€one€about€the€country€or€Ìregion€you're€interested€in.€€Even€in€peacetime,€these€newsgroups€can€be€Ìgreat€places€to€find€people€from€countries€you€might€be€studying.€ÌÌThe€biggest€problem€may€be€getting€accounts€for€your€students,€if€you're€Ìnot€lucky€enough€to€live€within€the€local€calling€area€of€a€Free-Net€Ìsystem.€Many€colleges€and€universities,€however,€are€willing€to€discuss€Ìproviding€accounts€for€secondary€students€at€little€or€no€cost.€€Several€Ìstates,€including€California€and€Texas,€have€Internet-linked€networks€for€Ìteachers€and€students.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ Ôò ò13.2€€SOME€SPECIFIC€RESOURCES€FOR€STUDENTS€AND€TEACHERSó óÔ%†ä°ÔÐ í• ÐÌÌIn€addition,€there€are€a€number€of€resources€on€the€Internet€aimed€Ìspecifically€at€elementary€and€secondary€students€and€teachers.€€You€can€Ìuse€these€to€set€up€science€experiments€with€classes€in€another€country,€Ìlearn€how€to€use€computers€in€the€classroom€or€keep€up€with€the€latest€Ìadvances€in€teaching€everything€from€physics€to€physical€education.€ÌÌAmong€them:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌArtsEdge€€€€€€€€Federally€sponsored€Online€arts€resources€for€studentsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€teachers,€it's€available€on€the€web€atÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€http://k12.cnidr.org/janice_k12/artsedge/artsedge2.htmlÌÌAsk€Dr.€Math€€€€Math€professors€and€college€students€help€k12€studentsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€with€tough€math€questions.€€Students€can€ask€questionsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€by€e-mail€and€browse€past€answers€on€the€Web.€€TheÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€e-mail€address€is€dr.math@forum.swarthmore.edu;€the€Web€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€url€http://olmo.swarthmore.edu/dr-math/dr-math.htmlÌÐ  .³+0 ÐAskERIC€€€€€€€€€Run€by€the€Educational€Resource€and€Information€Center,€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€AskERIC€provides€a€way€for€educators,€librarians€and€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€others€interested€in€K-12€education€to€get€more€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€information€about€virtually€everything.€€The€center€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€maintains€an€e-mail€address€(askeric@ericir.syr.edu)€for€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€questions€and€promises€answers€within€48€hours.€€It€also€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€maintains€a€Web€site€that€contains€digests€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€questions€and€answers,€lesson€plans€in€a€variety€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€fields€and€other€educationally€related€information.€€The€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Web€address€is€http://ericir.syr.edu/.€ÌÌHealth-Ed€€€€€€€A€mailing€list€for€health€educators.€€Send€a€request€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€health-ed-request@stjhmc.fidonet.org€Ì€ÌK12Net€€€€€€€€€€Begun€on€the€Fidonet€hobbyist€network,€K12Net€is€now€also€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€carried€on€many€Usenet€systems€and€provides€a€host€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€interesting€and€valuable€services.€€These€include€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€international€chat€for€students,€foreign-language€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€discussions€(for€example,€there€are€French€and€German-Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€only€conference€where€American€students€can€practice€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€those€languages€with€students€from€Quebec€and€German).€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€There€are€also€conferences€aimed€at€teachers€of€specific€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€subjects,€from€physical€education€to€physics.€The€K12€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€network€still€has€limited€distribution,€so€ask€your€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€system€administrator€if€your€system€carries€it.€Ì€ÌKidsphere€€€€€€€Kidsphere€is€a€mailing€list€for€elementary€and€secondary€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€teachers,€who€use€it€to€arrange€joint€projects€and€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€discuss€educational€telecommunications.€€You€will€find€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€news€of€new€software,€lists€of€sites€from€which€you€can€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€get€computer-graphics€pictures€from€various€NASA€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€satellites€and€probes€and€other€news€of€interest€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€modem-using€teachers.€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€To€subscribe,€send€a€request€by€e-mail€to€kidsphere-Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€request@vms.cis.pitt.edu€or€joinkids@vms.cis.pitt.edu€and€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€will€start€receiving€messages€within€a€couple€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€days.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€To€contribute€to€the€discussion,€send€messages€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€kidsphere@vms.cis.pitt.edu.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€KIDS€is€a€spin-off€of€KIDSPHERE€just€for€students€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€who€want€to€contact€students.€€To€subscribe,€send€a€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€request€to€joinkids@vms.cis.pitt.edu,€as€above.€€To€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€contribute,€send€messages€to€kids@vms.cist.pitt.edu.€ÌÌMicroMUSE€€€€€€€This€is€an€online,€futuristic€city,€built€entirely€byÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€participants€(see€chapter€12€for€information€on€MUSEsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€MUDs€in€general).€€Hundreds€of€students€from€allÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€over€have€participated€in€this€educational€exercise,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€coordinated€by€MIT.€Telnet€to€michael.ai.mit.edu.Ð .°+0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Log€on€as€guest€and€then€follow€the€prompts€for€more€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€information.€ÌÌNASA€Spacelink€€This€system,€run€by€NASA€in€Huntsville,€Ala.,€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€provides€all€sorts€of€reports€and€data€about€NASA,€its€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€history€and€its€various€missions,€past€and€present.€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Telnet€spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov€or€128.158.13.250.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€When€you€connect,€you'll€be€given€an€overview€of€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€system€and€asked€to€register.€The€system€maintains€a€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€large€file€library€of€GIF-format€space€graphics,€but€note€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€that€you€can't€download€these€through€telnet.€If€you€want€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€to,€you€have€to€dial€the€system€directly,€at€(205)€895-Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0028.€€Many€can€be€obtained€through€ftp€from€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ames.arc.nasa.gov,€however.€ÌÌNewton€€€€€€€€€€Run€by€the€Argonne€National€Laboratory,€it€offers€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€conferences€for€teachers€and€students,€including€one€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€called€"Ask€a€Scientist."€€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Telnet:€newton.dep.anl.gov.€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Log€in€as:€cocotext€Ì€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€You'll€be€asked€to€provide€your€name€and€address.€€When€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€get€the€main€menu,€hit€4€for€the€various€conferences.€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€The€"Ask€a€Scientist"€category€lets€you€ask€questions€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€scientists€in€fields€from€biology€to€earth€science.€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Other€categories€let€you€discuss€teaching,€sports€and€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€computer€networks.€Ì€ÌOERI€€€€€€€€€€€€The€U.S.€Department€of€Education's€Office€of€Educational€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Resources€and€Improvement€runs€a€gopher€system€that€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€provides€numerous€educational€resources,€information€and€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€statistics€for€teachers.€€Use€gopher€to€connect€toÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€gopher.ed.gov.€ÌÌSpacemet€Forum€€If€your€system€doesn't€carry€the€K12€conferences,€but€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€does€provide€you€with€telnet,€you€can€reach€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€conferences€through€SpaceMet€Forum,€a€bulletin-board€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€system€aimed€at€teachers€and€students€that€is€run€by€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€physics€and€astronomy€department€at€the€University€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Massachusetts€at€Amherst.€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Telnet:€spacemet.phast.umass.edu.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€When€you€connect,€hit€escape€once,€after€which€you'll€be€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€asked€to€log€on.€Like€K12Net,€SpaceMet€Forum€began€as€a€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Fidonet€system,€but€has€since€grown€much€larger.€€Mort€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€Helen€Sternheim,€professors€at€the€university,€Ð .°+0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€started€SpaceMet€as€a€one-line€bulletin-board€system€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€several€years€ago€to€help€bolster€middle-school€science€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€education€in€nearby€towns.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€In€addition€to€the€K12€conferences,€SpaceMet€carries€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€numerous€educationally€oriented€conferences.€€It€also€has€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€a€large€file€library€of€interest€to€educators€and€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€students,€but€be€aware€that€getting€files€to€your€site€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€could€be€difficult€and€maybe€even€impossible.€€Unlike€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€most€other€Internet€sites,€Spacemet€does€not€use€an€ftp€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€interface.€The€Sternheims€say€ZMODEM€sometimes€works€over€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€network,€but€don't€count€on€it.€ÌÌYahoo€€€€€€€€€€€This€Stanford€University€web€service€provides€an€archive€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€links€to€other€educational€resources€on€the€net€atÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€http://akebono.stanford.edu/yahoo/Education/ÌÌ€ÌÔ% ‡ Ôò ò13.3€€USENET€AND€BITNET€IN€THE€CLASSROOMó óÔ%†3ÏÔÐ Ñy ÐÌÌThere€are€numerous€Usenet€newsgroups€of€potential€interest€to€Ìteachers€and€students.€€ÌÌAs€you€might€expect,€many€are€of€a€scientific€bent.€You€can€find€these€by€Ìtyping€l€sci.€in€rn€or€using€nngrep€sci.€for€nn.€There€are€now€close€to€Ì40,€with€subjects€ranging€from€archaeology€to€economics€(the€"dismal€Ìscience,"€remember?)€to€astronomy€to€nanotechnology€(the€construction€of€Ìmicroscopically€small€machines).€ÌÌOne€thing€students€will€quickly€learn€from€many€of€these€groups:€science€Ìis€not€just€dull,€boring€facts.€€Science€is€argument€and€standing€your€Ìground€and€making€your€case.€€The€Usenet€sci.€groups€encourage€critical€Ìthinking.€ÌÌBeyond€science,€social-studies€and€history€classes€can€keep€busy€learning€Ìabout€other€countries,€through€the€soc.culture€newsgroups.€ÌÌMost€of€these€newsgroups€originated€as€ways€for€expatriates€of€a€given€Ìcountry€to€keep€in€touch€with€their€homeland€and€its€culture.€€In€times€Ìof€crisis,€however,€these€groups€often€become€places€to€disseminate€Ìinformation€from€or€into€the€country€and€to€discuss€what€is€happening.€€ÌFrom€Afghanistan€to€Yugoslavia,€close€to€50€countries€are€now€represented€Ìon€Usenet.€€To€see€which€groups€are€available,€use€l€soc.culture.€in€rn€Ìor€nngrep€soc.culture.€for€nn.€ÌÌSeveral€"talk"€newsgroups€provide€additional€topical€discussions,€but€Ìteachers€should€screen€them€first€before€recommending€them€to€students.€€ÌThey€range€from€talk.abortion€and€talk.politics.guns€to€Ìtalk.politics.space€and€talk.environment.€Ð  .±+0 ЇOne€caveat:€€Teachers€might€want€to€peruse€particular€newsgroups€before€Ìsetting€their€students€loose€in€them.€€Some€have€higher€levels€of€flaming€Ìand€blather€than€others,€not€to€mention€content€that€some€might€not€Ìconsider€appropriate€in€a€school€setting.€€Some€schools€have€developed€Ì"contracts"€that€students€are€required€to€sign€that€set€out€acceptable€ÌNet€behavior.€ÌÌThere€are€also€a€number€of€Bitnet€discussion€groups€of€potential€interest€Ìto€students€and€teachers.€€See€Chapter€5€for€information€on€finding€and€Ìsubscribing€to€Bitnet€discussion€groups.€€Some€with€an€educational€Ìorientation€include:€Ì€Ìbiopi-l€€€€€ksuvm.bitnet€€€€€€€€Secondary€biology€educationÌchemed-l€€€€uwf.bitnet€€€€€€€€€€Chemistry€educationÌdts-l€€€€€€€iubvm.bitnet€€€€€€€€The€Dead€Teacher's€Society€listÌphys-l€€€€€€uwf.bitnet€€€€€€€€€€Discussions€for€physics€teachersÌphyshare€€€€psuvm.bitnet€€€€€€€€Where€physics€teachers€share€resourcesÌscimath-l€€€psuvm.bitnet€€€€€€€€Science€and€math€educationÌÌTo€get€a€list€of€ftp€sites€that€carry€astronomical€images€in€the€GIF€Ìgraphics€format,€use€ftp€to€connect€to€nic.funet.fi.€Switch€to€the€Ì/pub/astro/general€directory€and€get€the€file€astroftp.txt.€€Among€the€Ìsites€listed€is€ames.arc.nasa.gov,€which€carries€images€taken€by€the€ÌVoyager€and€Galileo€probes,€among€other€pictures.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  ½e ÐÔ% €2 Ôò òCHAPTER€14:€BUSINESS€ON€THE€NETó óÐ X ÐÌÌÌÔ% ‡  Ôò ò14.1€€SETTING€UP€SHOPó óÔ%† ÛÔÐ ý¥ ÐÌBack€in€olden€days,€oh,€before€1990€or€so,€there€were€no€markets€in€the€Ìvirtual€community€--€if€you€wanted€to€buy€a€book,€you€still€had€to€jump€Ìin€your€car€and€drive€to€the€nearest€bookstore.€ÌÌThis€was€because€back€then,€the€Net€consisted€mainly€of€a€series€of€Ìgovernment-funded€networks€on€which€explicit€commercial€activity€was€Ìforbidden.€€Today,€much€of€the€Net€is€run€by€private€companies,€which€Ìgenerally€have€no€such€restrictions,€and€businesses€are€falling€over€Ìthemselves€to€get€online€--€from€giant€companies€like€AT&T€to€small€Ìflower€shops.€In€1994,€Home€Shopping€Network,€better€known€for€selling€Ìcubic€zirconia€on€cable€TV,€bought€the€Internet€Shopping€Network,€an€Ìonline€computer€store.€€Its€rival,€QVC,€also€has€plans€for€an€Internet€Ìservice.€€ÌÌSo€with€an€Internet€account€today,€you€can€buy€everything€from€computers€Ìto€condoms.€Much€of€this€is€being€driven€by€the€World-Wide€Web,€which€Ìmakes€possible€such€things€as€online€catalogs€and€order€forms.€€To€be€Ìsure,€there€were€online€stores€before€the€Web€took€off,€but€the€Web€lets€Ìa€company€show€off€its€wares,€and€logo,€in€an€easy-on-the-eyes€(and€easy-Ìto-use)€format.€€And€pre-Web€efforts€concentrated€more€on€giving€you€Ìlimited€access€to€an€online€catalog€--€you€still€had€to€call€a€phone€Ìnumber€somewhere€to€actually€place€an€order.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡  Ôò ò14.2€€ONLINE€STOREFRONTSó óÔ%† ˆàÔÐ ¨P ÐÌÌSome€companies,€particularly€large€computer€companies€such€as€Digital€ÌEquipment€Corp.€and€Sun€Microsystems,€Inc.,€have€set€up€their€own€online€Ìstorefronts.€€Smaller€companies,€though,€are€increasingly€setting€up€shop€Ìin€online€"malls."€€The€idea€behind€these€malls€is€similar€to€that€of€Ìreal€ones€--€you€go€to€the€mall€for€one€particular€item,€and€then€browse€Ìaround€seeing€what€else€there€is€(for€stores,€the€advantages€are€also€Ìsimilar€--€the€mall€owner€is€responsible€for€advertising,€promises€a€Ìcertain€amount€of€"foot€traffic"€and€does€all€the€maintenance).€ÌÌOne€of€the€earliest€malls,€in€fact,€one€based€on€gopher,€is€run€by€Msen,€Ìa€public-access€Internet€provider€in€Ann€Arbor,€Mich.€€Its€Msen€ÌMarketplace€offers€a€travel€agency,€"Internet€Business€Pages"€listing€Ìcompanies€with€services€available€on€the€Internet,€and€an€"Online€Career€ÌCenter,€offering€help-wanted€ads€from€across€the€U.S.€€You€can€reach€Msen€Ìthrough€gopher€at€ÌÐ  .³+0 Ѐ€€€€gopher.msen.comÌÌAt€the€main€menu,€select€"Msen€Marketplace."ÌÌAs€of€this€writing€(November,€1994),€CommerceNet€remains€more€a€concept€Ìthan€an€actual€online€mall.€€But€if€you€want€to€take€a€peek€through€a€Ìknothole€at€the€construction,€point€your€Web€browser€at€ÌÌ€€€€€http://www.commerce.netÌÌHotWired€and€the€Global€Network€Navigator€represent€two€other€ways€to€do€Ìbusiness€on€the€Internet.€€Both€are€online€magazines€on€the€Web,€Ìfeaturing€not€only€links€to€other€services,€but€original€writing,€as€well€Ì(HotWired,€started€by€Wired€magazine,€even€lets€readers€participate€in€Ìpublic€forums€on€the€articles).€€Both€carry€advertising€in€the€form€of€Ìicons.€€Click€on€the€icons€(or€in€the€case€of€Lynx,€move€your€cursor€to€Ìthe€advertiser's€name€and€hit€enter)€and€you'll€be€connected€to€Ìadvertising€material€related€to€whatever€the€company€in€question€is€Ìtrying€to€sell.€€You€can€try€HotWired€at€ÌÌ€€€€€http://www.hotwired.comÌÌand€Global€Network€Navigator€atÌÌ€€€€€http://gnn.comÌÌFor€the€former,€you'll€have€to€register€first€(unusual€for€a€Web€Ìresource);€for€the€latter,€you'll€have€to€chose€a€local€GNN€server€first.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ Ôò ò14.3€€THE€CHECK€IS€IN€THE€(E)-MAILó óÔ%†âèÔÐ ¦N ÐÌÌBut€are€*you*€going€to€buy€something€over€the€Internet?€€For€all€the€hype€Ìover€small€florists€getting€international€orders€over€the€Internet,€one€Ìhas€to€wonder€whether€these€storefronts€will€ultimately€prove€more€Ìsuccessful€than€the€ones€that€have€long€been€present€on€commercial€Ìnetworks€such€as€CompuServe€and€Prodigy.€Are€you€going€to€entrust€your€Ìcredit-card€number€to€the€Internet,€a€network€on€which€security€concerns€Ìhave€made€front-page€news€more€than€once?€ÌÌSome€electronic€merchants€say€that€sending€your€credit-card€number€over€Ìthe€Internet€is€really€no€more€risky€than€handing€it€over€to€a€clerk€in€a€Ìdepartment€store.€Their€argument€is€base€on€security€through€obscurity€--€Ìthere€are€so€many€e-mail€messages€pouring€through€the€Internet€each€day€Ìthat€it€would€be€virtually€impossible€for€a€hacker€to€find€the€ones€Ìcontaining€credit-card€information.ÌÌOthers,€however,€are€more€wary€--€as€are€their€potential€customers.€Ð  .±+0 ÐMerchants€also€want€some€assurances€that€the€person€making€an€order€Ìreally€is€who€she€says€she€is.€€Internet€e-mail€is€simply€ASCII€text,€and€Ìwhile€the€sheer€volume€of€it€these€days€would€make€it€difficult€to€find€Ìspecific€messages,€one€should€never€underestimate€the€ability€of€a€Ìharcker€with€a€computer€to€find€a€needle€in€a€haystack€(i.e.,€one€credit€Ìcard€number€out€of€thousands€of€messages).ÌÌAs€you€might€expect,€a€number€of€companies€are€working€on€making€the€ÌInternet€safe€for€business.€CommerceNet,€a€joint€venture€between€the€U.S.€Ìgovernment€and€companies€in€California's€Silicon€Valley,€has€developed€a€Ìsystem€based€on€encryption.€€When€you€fill€out€an€online€order€form,€it€Ìis€encoded€in€such€a€way€that€only€the€merchant€you're€sending€it€to€can€Ìde-code€it€--€and€inside€will€be€your€unique€"digital€signature,"€proving€Ìyou€are,€in€fact,€you.€ÌÌBut€this€approach€relies€on€you€having€a€special€piece€of€software€on€Ìyour€computer€to€encrypt€the€order€form.€€Netscape's€World-Wide€Web€Ìbrowser€is€the€first€to€incorporate€this€software€(that's€what€the€little€Ìbroken€key€in€the€lower€left€hand€corner€is€for),€but€other€companies€Ìthat€sell€Web€browsers€will€be€adding€it€over€the€next€few€months.€ÌÌThe€basic€way€it€works€relies€on€a€technique€known€as€public-key€Ìencryption.€€In€this€system,€the€merchant€has€a€public€key,€or€Ìmathematical€formula,€that€can€be€used€to€encrypt€messages€meant€for€him.€€ÌAnybody€can€use€this€key,€but€only€the€merchant€has€the€private€key€that€Ìcan€open€up€the€message.€€Now€you€can€fill€out€an€online€order€form€and€Ìinclude€your€credit-card€number€--€and€be€assured€that€nobody€can€ÌÌBut€some€argue€this€sort€of€technique€would€impede€impulse€purchaseÌ(surely€a€right€enshrined€in€the€U.S.€ÌConstitution),€because€you€need€the€right€software€to€handle€the€Ìencryption€on€your€computer.ÌÌSo€other€companies€are€working€on€the€online€equivalent€of€credit€cards€Ìgood€at€participating€merchants.€€First,€you€apply€for€an€account€with€Ìone€of€these€companies€the€old-fashioned€way€--€by€telephone€or€postal€Ìmail.€Ì€€€€€€ÌThen,€when€you€connect€to€a€participating€merchant€and€submit€an€order,€Ìthe€merchant's€computer€sends€a€message€to€the€"credit€card"€computer.€€ÌThat€computer€then€sends€a€message€to€you,€asking€you€to€confirm€the€Ìorder.€€One€company's€computer€will€even€ask€you€to€answer€a€question€Ìonly€you€could€answer€(such€as€your€mother's€maiden€name€or€your€dog's€Ìname).€Assuming€you€answer€affirmatively,€the€transaction€is€then€Ìcompleted.€ÌÌA€third€approach€involves€an€attempt€to€create€an€electronic€equivalent€Ìof€cold,€hard€cash.€€Proponents€say€one€of€the€problems€with€the€first€Ìtwo€approaches€is€that€somebody,€somewhere,€is€keeping€track€of€who€you€Ð .°+0 Ðare€and€what€you€buy.€Instead,€in€an€approach€developed€by€a€Dutch€Ìcompany€called€DigiCash,€your€bank€essentially€lets€you€withdraw€funds€Ìinto€a€digital€account€that€sits€on€your€personal€computer.€€Then€when€Ìyou€enter€an€online€store€that€accepts€this€digital€money,€you€can€pay€Ìthem€with€these€funds.ÌÌThis€approach,€like€the€cryptography€one,€requires€special€software€Ì(which€creates€your€"digital€signature"),€as€well€as€an€account€with€a€Ìparticipating€bank.ÌÌNow€proponents€of€the€last€two€methods€argue€that,€ultimately,€the€bulk€Ìof€Internet€business€will€center€not€on€big-ticket€items€such€as€Ìcomputers€or€cars,€but€on€information.€€Right€now,€information€for€sale€Ìtends€to€be€very€expensive€and€sold€on€the€basis€of€high€hourly€rates.€€ÌWith€the€potential€mass€market€represented€by€the€Internet,€though,€Ìpeople€with€information€to€sell€might€find€it€more€lucrative€to€lower€Ìtheir€rates€and€go€for€volume.€€With€an€all€electronic€system,€it€might€Ìbecome€possible,€say,€to€sell€information€for€a€small€per-article€or€per-Ìsearch€charge.ÌÌOver€the€next€year€or€so,€you'll€see€all€three€types€of€systems€become€Ìmore€common€in€online€stores.€Expect€some€confusion€as€merchants€and€Ìusers€try€to€figure€out€which€system€to€use.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ Ôò ò14.4€€THE€GOOD,€THE€BAD€AND€THE€UGLYó óÔ%†¨üÔÐ Á ÐÌÌ1994€represented€something€of€a€watershed€for€the€Internet€--€it€was€the€Ìyear€the€people€who€normally€advertise€in€the€back€of€the€National€ÌInquirer€and€Cosmopolitan€discovered€the€Net.€ÌÌUsenet€participants€found€their€favorite€conferences€filled€with€ads€for€Ìeverything€from€thigh-reducing€cream€to€pornography.€€Canter€and€Siegel,€Ìa€pair€of€lawyers€in€Phoenix,€Ariz.,€gained€national€media€attention€when€Ìthey€flooded€some€6,000€separate€Usenet€newsgroups€with€ads€for€a€$99€Ìimmigration€service.€€ÌÌThe€reason€they€gained€such€notice€was€not€because€they€had€done€Ìsomething€unique€(in€January,€1994,€a€system€administrator€at€a€small€Ìcollege€in€Pennsylvania€did€much€the€same€thing€with€postings€about€how€Ìthe€Los€Angeles€earthquake€proved€the€Second€Coming€was€imminent),€but€Ìbecause€of€the€reaction€of€Internet€users.€€Simply,€they€were€outraged€Ìthat€no€matter€what€newsgroup€they€went€into,€whether€it€was€to€discuss€ÌUnix€programming€or€planning€a€wedding,€they€found€the€same€darn€ad,€over€Ìand€over€and€over.€€Some€responded€by€posting€messages€on€how€to€get€the€Ìsame€services€offered€by€the€lawyers€for€free.€€More€deluged€the€lawyers€Ì--€and€the€administrators€at€the€system€they€used€--€with€protest€Ìmessages,€some€200€megabytes€worth€in€just€two€days.€€Suddenly,€the€once€Ð  .±+0 Ðobscure€Usenet€phrase€"to€spam"€(from€the€Monty€Python€skit€about€the€Ìrestaurant€that€only€serves€the€stuff)€was€making€the€pages€of€the€New€ÌYork€Times.€ÌÌBut€what€the€lawyers€pulled€may€be€the€last€time€anybody€gets€away€with€Ìsomething€like€that.€€Today,€numerous€Usenet€users€stay€on€the€alert€for€Ìspamming.€€Using€a€technique€known€as€"cancelling,"€they€are€able€to€wipe€Ìout€such€messages€almost€as€soon€as€they€pop€up.€ÌÌThe€moral€of€the€story€is€that€Internet€users€do€not€object€to€Ìadvertising€in€general,€but€that€many€feel€it€has€a€proper€place€--€in€Ìonline€catalogs€that€users€have€to€make€a€point€of€going€to,€not€shoved€Ìdown€people's€throats€in€discussion€areas.€ÌÌÌÔ% ‡ Ôò ò14.5€€FYIó óÔ%†ÛÔÐ ÿ§  ÐÌÌYou€can€read€about€Digicash's€e-cash€proposal€at€its€Web€site:€Ìhttp://www.digicash.com.€ÌÌOpen€Marketplace,€Inc.,€is€developing€a€credit-card€type€of€approach€Ìto€commerce.€€You€can€get€a€look€on€the€Web€at€Ìhttp://www.openmarket.com/omp.html.ÌÌDave€Taylor's€"Internet€Shopping€Mall"€is€a€comprehensive€listing€of€Ìonline€stores.€€You€can€get€it€via€anonymous€FTP€at€ftp.netcom.com.€€ÌLook€in€the€/pub/Gu/Guides€directory.€€It's€also€available€via€Gopher€Ìat€peg.cwis.uci.edu.€€From€the€main€menu,€select€Accessing€the€ÌInternet,€PEG,€Internet€Assistance€and€then€Internet€Shopping€Mall€Ì(you€may€have€to€go€down€a€couple€of€pages€to€get€there).€ÌÌIf€you€want€to€discuss€the€online€shopping€experience,€the€imall-chat€Ìmailing€list€is€for€you.€€To€subscribe,€write€to€listserv@netcom.com.€€ÌLeave€your€subject€line€blank,€and€as€your€message,€write:€subscribe€Ìimall-chat.Ì€ÌBob€O'Keefe€at€Renssalaer€Polytechnic€Institute€maintains€an€extensive€Ìlisting€of€businesses€on€the€Net.€€It's€available€via€the€Web€at€Ìhttp://www.rpi.edu/okeefe/businss.html.€ÌÌYou'll€find€another€extensive€listing€at€Stanford€University's€Yahoo€Ìsite€on€the€Web:€http://akebono.stanford.edu/yahoo/Business/CorporationsÌÌKent€State€University€in€Ohio€maintains€a€repository€of€"Business€Sources€Ìon€the€Net."€€Use€gopher€to€connect€to€refmac.kent.edu.€ÌÌTwo€books€to€take€a€look€at€are€Jill€Ellsworth's€"The€Internet€ÌBusiness€Book"€(John€Wiley€and€Sons)€and€Mary€Cronin's€"Doing€Business€Ð  .±+0 Ðon€the€Internet"€(1994,€Van€Nostrand€Reinhold).ÌÌThe€alt.current-events.net-abuse€Usenet€newsgroup€is€the€place€to€discuss€Ìspamming€and€other€obnoxious€advertising.€ÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  ‰ 1  ÐÔ% €4 Ôò òChapter€15:€CONCLUSION€--€THE€END?ó óÐ X Ð̀̀ÌThe€revolution€is€just€beginning.€€New€communications€systems€and€digital€Ìtechnologies€have€already€meant€dramatic€changes€in€the€way€we€live.€€ÌThink€of€what€is€already€routine€that€would€have€been€considered€Ìimpossible€just€ten€years€ago.€€You€can€browse€through€the€holdings€of€Ìyour€local€library€--€or€of€libraries€halfway€around€the€world€--€do€your€Ìbanking€and€see€if€your€neighbor€has€gone€bankrupt,€all€through€a€Ìcomputer€and€modem.€€ÌÌImploding€costs€coupled€with€exploding€power€are€bringing€ever€more€Ìpowerful€computer€and€digital€systems€to€ever€growing€numbers€of€people.€€ÌThe€Net,€with€its€rapidly€expanding€collection€of€databases€and€other€Ìinformation€sources,€is€no€longer€limited€to€the€industrialized€nations€Ìof€the€West;€today€it€extends€from€Siberia€to€Zimbabwe.€€The€cost€Ìof€computers€and€modems€used€to€plug€into€the€Net,€meanwhile,€continue€Ìto€plummet,€making€them€ever€more€affordable,€even€as€the€Internet€Ìbecomes€easier€to€use.€ÌÌCyberspace€has€become€a€vital€part€of€millions€of€people's€daily€Ìlives.€People€form€relationships€online,€they€fall€in€love,€they€get€Ìmarried,€all€because€of€initial€contacts€in€cyberspace,€that€ephemeral€Ì``place''€that€transcends€national€and€state€boundaries.€Business€Ìdeals€are€transacted€entirely€in€ASCII.€€Political€and€social€Ìmovements€begin€online,€coordinated€by€people€who€could€be€thousands€Ìof€miles€apart.€ÌÌYet€this€is€only€the€beginning.€€ÌÌWe€live€in€an€age€of€communication,€yet€the€various€media€we€use€to€talk€Ìto€one€another€remain€largely€separate€systems.€One€day,€however,€your€Ìtelephone,€TV,€fax€machine€and€personal€computer€will€be€replaced€by€a€Ìsingle€``information€processor''€linked€to€the€worldwide€Net€by€strands€Ìof€optical€fiber.€€ÌÌBeyond€databases€and€file€libraries,€power€will€be€at€your€fingertips.€ÌLinked€to€thousands,€even€millions€of€like-minded€people,€you'll€be€able€Ìto€participate€in€social€and€political€movements€across€the€country€and€Ìaround€the€world.€€€ÌÌHow€does€this€happen?€In€part,€it€will€come€about€through€new€Ìtechnologies.€High-definition€television€will€require€the€development€of€Ìinexpensive€computers€that€can€process€as€much€information€as€today's€Ìworkstations.€€Telephone€and€cable€companies€will€cooperate,€or€in€some€Ìcases€compete,€to€bring€those€fiber-optic€cables€into€your€home.€ÌÌThe€Clinton€administration,€arguably€the€first€led€by€people€who€know€how€Ð  .±+0 Ðto€use€not€only€computer€networks€but€computers,€is€pushing€for€creation€Ìof€a€series€of€"information€superhighways"€comparable€in€scope€to€the€ÌInterstate€highway€system€of€the€1950s€(one€of€whose€champions€in€the€ÌSenate€has€a€son€elected€vice€president€in€1992).€€€€ÌÌRight€now,€we€are€in€the€network€equivalent€of€the€early€1950s,€just€Ìbefore€the€creation€of€that€massive€highway€network.€Sure,€there€are€Ìplenty€of€interesting€things€out€there,€but€you€have€to€meander€along€Ìtwo-lane€roads,€and€have€a€good€map,€to€get€to€them.€ÌÌCreation€of€this€new€Net€will€require€more€than€just€high-speed€channels€Ìand€routing€equipment;€it€will€require€a€new€communications€paradigm:€the€ÌNet€as€information€utility.€€The€Net€remains€a€somewhat€complicated€and€Ìmysterious€place.€€To€get€something€out€of€the€Net€today,€you€have€to€Ìspend€a€fair€amount€of€time€with€a€Net€veteran€or€a€manual€like€this.€€ÌYou€have€to€learn€such€arcana€as€the€vagaries€of€the€Unix€cd€command.€€ÌÌContrast€this€with€the€telephone,€which€now€also€provides€access€to€large€Ìamounts€of€information€through€push€buttons,€or€a€computer€network€such€Ìas€Prodigy,€which€one€navigates€through€simple€commands€and€mouse€clicks.€ÌÌInternet€system€administrators€have€begun€to€realize€that€not€all€people€Ìwant€to€learn€the€intricacies€of€Unix,€and€that€that€fact€does€not€make€Ìthem€bad€people.€€We€are€already€seeing€the€development€of€simple€Ìinterfaces€that€will€put€the€Net's€power€to€use€by€millions€of€people.€€ÌYou€can€already€see€their€influence€in€the€menus€of€gophers€and€the€ÌWorld-Wide€Web,€which€require€no€complex€computing€skills€but€which€open€Ìthe€gates€to€thousands€of€information€resources.€€Mail€programs€and€text€Ìeditors€such€as€pico€and€pine€promise€much€of€the€power€of€older€programs€Ìsuch€as€emacs€at€a€fraction€of€the€complexity.€ÌÌSome€software€engineers€are€taking€this€even€further,€by€creating€Ìgraphical€interfaces€that€will€let€somebody€navigate€the€Internet€just€by€Ìclicking€on€the€screen€with€a€mouse€or€by€calling€up€an€easy€text€editor,€Ìsort€of€the€way€one€can€now€navigate€a€Macintosh€computer€--€or€a€Ìcommercial€online€service€such€as€Prodigy.€ÌÌThen€there€are€the€Internet€services€themselves.€€ÌÌFor€every€database€now€available€through€the€Internet,€there€are€probably€Ìthree€or€four€that€are€not.€€Government€agencies€are€only€now€beginning€Ìto€connect€their€storehouses€of€information€to€the€Net.€Several€Ìcommercial€vendors,€from€database€services€to€booksellers,€have€made€Ìtheir€services€available€through€the€Net.€ÌÌFew€people€now€use€one€of€the€Net's€more€interesting€applications.€€A€Ìstandard€known€as€MIME€lets€one€send€audio€and€graphics€files€along€with€Ìan€E-mail€message.€Imagine€opening€your€e-mail€one€day€to€hear€your€Ìgranddaughter's€first€words,€or€a€"photo"€of€your€friend's€new€house.€€Ð .°+0 ÐEventually,€this€standard€could€allow€for€distribution€of€even€small€Ìvideo€displays€over€the€Net.€ÌÌAll€of€this€will€require€vast€new€amounts€of€Net€power,€to€handle€both€Ìthe€millions€of€new€people€who€will€jump€onto€the€Net€and€the€new€Ìapplications€they€want.€€Replicating€a€moving€image€on€a€computer€screen€Ìalone€takes€a€phenomenal€amount€of€computer€bits,€and€computing€power€to€Ìarrange€them.€ÌÌAll€of€this€combines€into€a€National€Information€Infrastructure€able€to€Ìmove€billions€of€bits€of€information€in€one€second€--€the€kind€of€power€Ìneeded€to€hook€information€"hoses"€into€every€business€and€house.€ÌÌAs€these€"superhighways"€grow,€so€will€the€"on€ramps,"€for€a€high-speed€Ìroad€does€you€little€good€if€you€can't€get€to€it.€€€The€costs€of€modems€Ìseem€to€fall€as€fast€as€those€of€computers.€€High-speed€modems€(9600€baud€Ìand€up)€are€becoming€increasingly€affordable.€€At€9600€baud,€you€can€Ìdownload€a€satellite€weather€image€of€North€America€in€less€than€two€Ìminutes,€a€file€that,€with€a€slower€modem€could€take€up€to€20€minutes€to€Ìdownload.€€Eventually,€homes€could€be€connected€directly€to€a€national€Ìdigital€network.€€Most€long-distance€phone€traffic€is€already€carried€in€Ìdigital€form,€through€high-volume€optical€fibers.€€Phone€companies€are€Ìever€so€slowly€working€to€extend€these€fibers€the€"final€mile"€to€the€Ìhome.€€The€Electronic€Frontier€Foundation€is€working€to€ensure€these€Ìlinks€are€affordable.€ÌÌBeyond€the€technical€questions€are€increasingly€thorny€social,€political€Ìand€economic€issues.€Who€is€to€have€access€to€these€services,€and€at€what€Ìcost?€€If€we€live€in€an€information€age,€are€we€laying€the€seeds€for€a€Ìnew€information€under€class,€unable€to€compete€with€those€fortunate€Ìenough€to€have€the€money€and€skills€needed€to€manipulate€new€Ìcommunications€channels?€Who,€in€fact,€decides€who€has€access€to€what?€€ÌAs€more€companies€realize€the€potential€profits€to€be€made€in€the€new€Ìinformation€infrastructure,€what€happens€to€such€systems€as€Usenet,€Ìpossibly€the€world's€first€successful€anarchistic€system,€where€everybody€Ìcan€say€whatever€they€want?€ÌÌWhat€are€the€laws€of€the€electronic€frontier?€€When€national€and€state€Ìboundaries€lose€their€meaning€in€cyberspace,€€the€question€might€even€be:€ÌWHO€is€the€law?€€What€if€a€practice€that€is€legal€in€one€country€is€Ì"committed"€in€another€country€where€it€is€illegal,€over€a€computer€Ìnetwork€that€crosses€through€a€third€country?€Who€goes€after€computer€Ìcrackers?€ÌÌWhat€role€will€you€play€in€the€revolution?€ÌÌÌÌÐ .°+0 ЇÔ% €6 Ôò òAppendix€A:€THE€LINGOó óÐ X ÐÌÌLike€any€community,€the€Net€has€developed€its€own€language.€€What€follows€Ìis€a€glossary€of€some€of€the€more€common€phrases€you'll€likely€run€into.€€ÌBut€it's€only€a€small€subset€of€net.speak.€€You€an€find€a€more€complete€Ìlisting€in€"The€New€Hacker's€Dictionary,"€compiled€by€Eric€Raymond€(MIT€ÌPress).€€Raymond's€work€is€based€on€an€online€reference€known€as€"The€ÌJargon€File,"€which€you€can€get€through€anonymous€ftp€from€Ìftp.gnu.mit.ai.mit€as€jarg300.txt.gz€in€the€pub/gnu€directory€(see€Ìchapter€7€for€information€on€how€to€un-compress€a€.gz€file).€Ì€ÌAFAIK€€€€€€€€€€€As€Far€As€I€Know.ÌÌASCII€€€€€€€€€€€Has€two€meanings.€€ASCII€is€a€universal€computer€code€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€for€English€letters€and€characters.€€Computers€store€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€all€information€as€binary€numbers.€In€ASCII,€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€letter€"A"€is€stored€as€01000001,€whether€the€computer€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€is€made€by€IBM,€Apple€or€Commodore.€€ASCII€also€refers€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€to€a€method,€or€protocol,€for€copying€files€from€one€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€computer€to€another€over€a€network,€in€which€neither€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€computer€checks€for€any€errors€that€might€have€been€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€caused€by€static€or€other€problems.Ì€ÌANSI€€€€€€€€€€€€Computers€use€several€different€methods€for€deciding€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€how€to€put€information€on€your€screen€and€how€your€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€keyboard€interacts€with€the€screen.€€ANSI€is€one€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€these€"terminal€emulation"€methods.€€Although€most€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€popular€on€PC-based€bulletin-board€systems,€it€can€also€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€be€found€on€some€Net€sites.€€To€use€it€properly,€you€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€will€first€have€to€turn€it€on,€or€enable€it,€in€your€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€communications€software.Ì€ÌARPANet€€€€€€€€€A€predecessor€of€the€Internet.€€Started€in€1969€with€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€funds€from€the€Defense€Department's€Advanced€Projects€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Research€Agency.€Ì€Ìbackbone€€€€€€€€A€high-speed€network€that€connects€several€powerful€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€computers.€€In€the€U.S.,€the€backbone€of€the€Internet€is€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€often€considered€the€NSFNet,€a€government€funded€link€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€between€a€handful€of€supercomputer€sites€across€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€country.€Ì€ÌBaud€€€€€€€€€€€€The€speed€at€which€modems€transfer€data.€€One€baud€is€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€roughly€equal€to€one€bit€per€second.€€It€takes€eight€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€bits€to€make€up€one€letter€or€character.€€Modems€rarely€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€transfer€data€at€exactly€the€same€speed€as€their€listed€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€baud€rate€because€of€static€or€computer€problems.€More€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€expensive€modems€use€systems,€such€as€Microcom€Network€Ð  .±+0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Protocol€(MNP),€which€can€correct€for€these€errors€or€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€which€"compress"€data€to€speed€up€transmission.Ì€ÌBITNet€€€€€€€€€€Another,€academically€oriented,€international€computer€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€network,€which€uses€a€different€set€of€computer€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€instructions€to€move€data.€€It€is€easily€accessible€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Internet€users€through€e-mail,€and€provides€a€large€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€number€of€conferences€and€databases.€€Its€name€comes€from€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"Because€It's€Time."ÌÌBookmark€€€€€€€€A€gopher€or€Web€file€that€lets€you€quickly€connect€toÌpage€€€€€€€€€€€€listed€sites.Ì€ÌBounce€€€€€€€€€€What€your€e-mail€does€when€it€cannot€get€to€its€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€recipient€--€it€bounces€back€to€you€--€unless€it€goes€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€off€into€the€ether,€never€to€be€found€again.Ì€ÌCommand€line€€€€On€Unix€host€systems,€this€is€where€you€tell€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€machine€what€you€want€it€to€do,€by€entering€commands.Ì€ÌCommunications€€A€program€that€tells€a€modem€how€to€work.Ìsoftware€€€Ì€ÌDaemon€€€€€€€€€€An€otherwise€harmless€Unix€program€that€normally€works€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€out€of€sight€of€the€user.€On€the€Internet,€you'll€most€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€likely€encounter€it€only€when€your€e-mail€is€not€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€delivered€to€your€recipient€--€you'll€get€back€your€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€original€message€plus€an€ugly€message€from€a€"mailer€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€daemon.€Ì€ÌDistribution€€€€A€way€to€limit€where€your€Usenet€postings€go.€€Handy€for€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€such€things€as€"for€sale"€messages€or€discussions€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€regional€politics.€Ì€ÌDomain€€€€€€€€€€The€last€part€of€an€Internet€address,€such€as€"news.com."Ì€ÌDot€€€€€€€€€€€€€When€you€want€to€impress€the€net€veterans€you€meet€at€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€parties,€say€"dot"€instead€of€"period,"€for€example:€"My€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€address€is€john€at€site€dot€domain€dot€com."€Ì€ÌDot€file€€€€€€€€A€file€on€a€Unix€public-access€system€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€that€alters€the€way€you€or€your€messages€interact€with€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€that€system.€€For€example,€your€.login€file€contains€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€various€parameters€for€such€things€as€the€text€editor€you€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€get€when€you€send€a€message.€€€When€you€do€an€ls€command,€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€these€files€do€not€appear€in€the€directory€listing;€do€ls€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€-a€to€list€them.€Ì€ÌDown€€€€€€€€€€€€When€a€public-access€site€runs€into€technical€trouble,€Ð .°+0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€and€you€can€no€longer€gain€access€to€it,€it's€down.Ì€ÌDownload€€€€€€€€Copy€a€file€from€a€host€system€to€your€computer.€€There€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€are€several€different€methods,€or€protocols,€for€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€downloading€files,€most€of€which€periodically€check€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€file€as€it€is€being€copied€to€ensure€no€information€is€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€inadvertently€destroyed€or€damaged€during€the€process.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Some,€such€as€XMODEM,€only€let€you€download€one€file€at€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€a€time.€€Others,€such€as€batch-YMODEM€and€ZMODEM,€let€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€type€in€the€names€of€several€files€at€once,€which€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€are€then€automatically€downloaded.€Ì€ÌEMACS€€€€€€€€€€€A€standard€Unix€text€editor€preferred€by€Unix€typesÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€that€beginners€tend€to€hate.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€ÌE-mail€€€€€€€€€€Electronic€mail€--€a€way€to€send€a€private€message€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€somebody€else€on€the€Net.€Used€as€both€noun€and€verb.Ì€ÌEmoticon€€€€€€€€See€smiley.Ì€ÌF2F€€€€€€€€€€€€€Face€to€Face.€€When€you€actually€meet€those€people€you€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€been€corresponding€with/flaming.Ì€ÌFAQ€€€€€€€€€€€€€Frequently€Asked€Questions.€€A€compilation€of€answers€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€these.€€Many€Usenet€newsgroups€have€these€files,€which€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€are€posted€once€a€month€or€so€for€beginners.€Ì€ÌFilm€at€11€€€€€€One€reaction€to€an€overwrought€argument:€"Imminent€death€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€of€the€Net€predicted.€Film€at€11."Ì€ÌFinger€€€€€€€€€€An€Internet€program€that€lets€you€get€some€bit€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€information€about€another€user,€provided€they€have€first€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€created€a€.plan€file.€Ì€ÌFlame€€€€€€€€€€€Online€yelling€and/or€ranting€directed€at€somebody€else.€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Often€results€in€flame€wars,€which€occasionally€turn€into€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€holy€wars€(see).€Ì€ÌFollowup€€€€€€€€A€Usenet€posting€that€is€a€response€to€an€earlier€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€message.Ì€ÌFoo/foobar€€€€€€A€sort€of€online€algebraic€place€holder,€for€example:€"If€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€you€want€to€know€when€another€site€is€run€by€a€for-Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€profit€company,€look€for€an€address€in€the€form€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€foo@foobar.com."€Ì€ÌFortune€cookie€€An€inane/witty/profund€comment€that€can€be€found€around€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€net.€€Ì€Ð .°+0 ÐFreeware€€€€€€€€Software€that€doesn't€cost€anything.Ì€ÌFTP€€€€€€€€€€€€€File-transfer€Protocol.€€A€system€for€transferring€files€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€across€the€Net.Ì€ÌGet€a€life€€€€€€What€to€say€to€somebody€who€has,€perhaps,€been€spending€a€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€wee€bit€too€much€time€in€front€of€a€computer.Ì€ÌGIF€€€€€€€€€€€€€Graphic€Interchange€Format.€€A€format€developed€in€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€mid-1980s€by€CompuServe€for€use€in€photo-quality€graphics€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€images.€€Now€commonly€used€everywhere€online.€Ì€ÌGNU€€€€€€€€€€€€€Gnu's€Not€Unix.€€A€project€of€the€Free€Software€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Foundation€to€write€a€free€version€of€the€Unix€operating€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€system.€ÌÌHacker€€€€€€€€€€On€the€Net,€unlike€among€the€general€public,€this€is€notÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€a€bad€person;€it€is€simply€somebody€who€enjoys€stretchingÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€hardware€and€software€to€their€limits,€seeing€just€what€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€they€can€get€their€computers€to€do.€€What€many€people€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€call€hackers,€net.denizens€refer€to€as€crackers.ÌÌHandshake€€€€€€€Two€modems€trying€to€connect€first€do€this€to€agree€on€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€how€to€transfer€data.Ì€ÌHang€€€€€€€€€€€€When€a€modem€fails€to€hang€up.Ì€ÌHotlist€€€€€€€€€Same€as€a€to€bookmark€page€(see).ÌÌHoly€war€€€€€€€€Arguments€that€involve€certain€basic€tenets€of€faith,€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€about€which€one€cannot€disagree€without€setting€one€of€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€these€off.€€For€example:€IBM€PCs€are€inherently€superior€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Macintoshes.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€ÌHost€system€€€€€A€public-access€site;€provides€Net€access€to€people€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€outside€the€research€and€government€community.Ì€ÌHTML€€€€€€€€€€€€Hypertext€Markup€Language.€The€coding€used€on€WebÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€pages€to€define€hyperlinks€(see),€graphics€and€the€like.ÌÌHTTP€€€€€€€€€€€€Hypertext€Transport€Protocol.€€The€system€used€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€connect€World-Wide€Web€resources€to€each€other€and€to€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€users.ÌÌHyperlink€€€€€€€A€way€to€connect€two€Internet€resources€via€a€simple€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€word€or€phrase€on€which€a€user€can€click€to€start€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€connection.ÌÌÐ .°+0 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.°+0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€than€TCP/IP,€but€which€can€result€in€considerably€slower€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€transfer€times.Ì€ÌUpload€€€€€€€€€€Copy€a€file€from€your€computer€to€a€host€system.ÌÌURL€€€€€€€€€€€€€Uniform€Resource€Locator.€€An€address€on€the€World-WideÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Web.ÌÌUser€name€€€€€€€On€most€host€systems,€the€first€time€you€connect€you€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€are€asked€to€supply€a€one-word€user€name.€€This€can€be€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€any€combination€of€letters€and€numbers.€Ì€ÌVT100€€€€€€€€€€€Another€terminal-emulation€system.€€Supported€by€many€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€communications€program,€it€is€the€most€common€one€in€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€use€on€the€Net.€€VT102€is€a€newer€version.€ÌÌWWW€€€€€€€€€€€€€World-Wide€Web€or€the€Web.€€ÌÌÌÌÌÐ  u ÐÔ% €8 Ôò òAppendix€B:€General€Information€About€the€Electronic€Frontier€Foundationó óÐ X ÐÌÌWhy€You€Should€Join€the€Electronic€Frontier€FoundationÌÌEvery€day€decisions€are€being€made€that€will€affect€your€life€online.ÌDecisions€about€what€sorts€of€technology€you€can€use€to€protect€the€Ìprivacy€of€your€communications.€€Decisions€about€what€services€you€will€Ìbe€able€to€get€over€the€emerging€national€information€infrastructure.€ÌDecisions€that€are€made€before€you€even€know€that€there€are€choices.ÌÌThe€Electronic€Frontier€Foundation€has€been€working€since€July€1990€toÌensure€that€the€civil€liberties€guaranteed€in€the€Constitution€and€the€ÌBill€of€Rights€are€applied€to€new€communications€technologies.€€Our€Ìmembers€join€EFF€to€make€sure€that€they€are€informed€about€the€issues€Ìand€debates€that€will€shape€the€future€of€electronic€communications.€€ÌEFF€members€enjoy€the€following€benefits:ÌÌ*€€subscription€to€our€quarterly€hard€copy€newsletter,€Ì€€€_Networks_&_Policy_;ÌÌ*€€subscription€to€our€biweekly€electronic€newsletter,Ì€€€_EFFector_Online_;ÌÌ*€€online€bulletins€that€will€keep€you€informed€about€the€key€legal,Ì€€€legislative€and€policy€developments€affecting€your€online€Ì€€€communications;ÌÌ*€€an€online€response€mechanism€to€make€themselves€heard€on€key€issues.ÌÌEFF€is€a€respected€voice€for€the€rights€of€users€of€online€Ìtechnologies.€We€feel€that€the€best€way€to€protect€your€online€rights€Ìis€to€be€fully€informed€and€to€make€your€opinions€heard.€€EFF€members€Ìare€informed,€and€are€making€a€difference.€€Join€EFF€today!ÌÌÌ---------------€cut€here€---------------ÌÌÌMEMBERSHIP€IN€THE€ELECTRONIC€FRONTIER€FOUNDATIONÌÌPrint€out€in€monospaced€(non-proportional)€font€and€mail€or€fax€to:ÌÌ€€Membership€Coordinator€-€membership@eff.orgÌ€€Electronic€Frontier€FoundationÌ€€1667€K€St.€NW,€Suite€801,€Washington€DC€20006-1605€USAÌ€€+1€202€861€7700€(voice),€+1€202€861€1258€(fax)Ì€€+1€202€861€1223€(BBS€-€16.8k€ZyXEL)Ì€€+1€202€861€1224€(BBS€-€14.4k€V.32bis)Ð 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Ѐ€Internet€fax€gate:€remote-printer.EFF@8.5.3.1.1.6.8.2.0.2.1.tpc.intÌÌÌSIGN€ME€UP!ÌÌI€wish€to€become€a€member€of€the€Electronic€Frontier€Foundation.€I€Ìenclose:ÌÌ€€___€Fellow€membership.......$500Ì€€___€Benefactor€membership...$250Ì€€___€Pioneer€membership......$100Ì€€___€Advocate€membership.....$65Ì€€___€Regular€membership......$40Ì€€___€Student€membership......$20Ì€€___€SysOp€membership........$10*ÌÌfor€my€one-year€membership.ÌÌ€€*€SysOp€members€are€required€to€bring€in€10€new€members€to€renewÌ€€€€at€the€SysOp€membership€rate€(otherwise€Advocate€rates€apply).€Ì€€€€Send€queries€to€membership@eff.org€for€more€info.€€NOTE:€CIS,Ì€€€€AOL,€etc.€forum€sysops€and€co-sysops€ARE€eligible€for€SysOp€Ì€€€€membership.Ì€€ÌÌSpecial€ContributionÌÌ€€I€wish€to€make€an€additional€tax-deductible€donation€in€the€Ì€€amount€of€$__________€to€further€support€the€activities€of€EFF€Ì€€and€to€broaden€participation€in€the€organization.ÌÌÌEFF€T-shirtÌÌ€€The€classic€EFF€shirt,€printed€front€(EFF€logo)€and€back€Ì€€(large€artwork)€in€two€colors€on€white€cotton€shirts.€€Ì€€Available€for€$10€to€new€and€non-members;€members€who€renewÌ€€at€a€higher€rate€(e.g.€upgrade€from€regular€to€Advocate€Ì€€membership)€receive€a€free€shirt!ÌÌ€€I€would€like€___€shirts€at€$10€each.ÌÌ€€___€I'm€renewing€at€a€higher€rate€and€would€like€a€freeÌ€€€€€€shirt.€€My€membership€number€is€___________________ÌÌÌPAYMENT€METHOD:ÌÌ€€___€Enclosed€is€a€check€or€money€order€payable€toÐ .°+0 Ѐ€€€the€Electronic€Frontier€Foundation.€€US€funds€only€please.ÌÌ€€___€Please€charge€my:ÌÌ€€€€€___€MasterCard€€€€€€€€___€Visa€€€€€€€€___€American€ExpressÌÌ€€€€€Card€Number:€_____________________________________________ÌÌ€€€€€Expiration€Date:€_________________________________________ÌÌ€€€€€Signature:€_______________________________________________ÌÌ€€€€€NOTE:€€We€do€not€recommend€sending€credit€card€information€Ì€€€€€via€Internet€email,€unless€it€is€encrypted!€€See€end€forÌ€€€€€EFF's€PGP€encryption€public€key.ÌÌÌYOUR€CONTACT€INFORMATION:ÌÌName:€__________________________________________________________ÌÌOrganization:€__________________________________________________ÌÌAddress:€_______________________________________________________ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€_______________________________________________________ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€_______________________________________________________ÌÌE-mail€addresses:€______________________________________________ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€______________________________________________ÌÌPhone:€_____________________€€€€FAX:€___________________________ÌÌÌ****€SYSOP€MEMBERSHIP€SECTION€***********************************Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€Ph.:€€____________________€€€€Modem€Type:€___________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€____________________€€€€_______________________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€____________________€€€€_______________________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€Other€access€means:€_________________________________________€*Ì*€(e.g.€for€Internet€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€service,€AOL/CIS€€€€_________________________________________€*Ì*€forum,€etc.)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ð .°+0 Ð*€BBS€Info:€€BBS/Service/Forum€Name:€__________________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€SysOps:___________________________________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€Voice/Support€Phone:€_____________________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€Network€Addresses:€_______________________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€_______________________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€BBS€Notes:€(OS,€modem€types/speeds,€Internet€connectivity,€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€access€requirements,€hours,€fees,€software,€focus€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€or€special€interests,€unique€features,€etc.)€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€___________________________________________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€___________________________________________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€___________________________________________________€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€EFF€will€maintain€a€publicly€available€list€of€BBSs€and€€€€€€€*Ì*€similar€services€that€support€the€efforts€of€the€Electronic€€€*Ì*€Frontier€Foundation.€€Members€with€BBSs€who€support€EFF€at€€€€*Ì*€the€Regular€or€Student€or€other€rates€can€be€listed€as€well.€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*€Include€my€BBS€in€the€EFF€Member€BBS€Directory€_______€€€€€€€€*Ì*€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€*Ì*****************************************************************ÌÌÌPUBLICATIONS€&€SERVICESÌÌÌ€€€€___€EFFector€Online€-€EFF's€biweekly€electronic€newsletterÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(back€issues€available€from€ftp.eff.org,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€/pub/EFF/Newsletters/EFFector).ÌÌ€€€€___€Online€Bulletins€-€bulletins€on€key€developmentsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€affecting€online€communications.ÌÌ€€€€€€€€NOTE:€€You€may€prefer€to€browse€these€resources€in€the€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Usenet€(NetNews)€newsgroup€comp.org.eff.newsÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Send€a€message€body€of€"longindex"€(without€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"quotes")€to€listserv@eff.org€for€info€on€ourÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€other€internet€forums.€€Send€a€message€body€ofÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€"help"€to€listserv@eff.org€for€instructions€onÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€subscribing€to€these€other€resources.ÌÌ€€€€€€€€NOTE:€€Paper€documents€available€upon€request.Ð .°+0 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€_Networks_&_Policy_€€hardcopy€EFF€newsletter€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(quarterly)€automatically€sent€via€postal€mail.ÌÌÌPRIVACY€POLICYÌÌEFF€occasionally€shares€our€mailing€list€with€other€Ìorganizations€promoting€similar€goals.€However,€we€respect€Ìan€individual's€right€to€privacy€and€will€not€distribute€your€Ìname€without€explicit€permission.ÌÌ€€___€€I€grant€permission€for€EFF€to€distribute€my€name€and€Ì€€€€€€€contact€information€to€organizations€sharing€similar€goals.ÌÌ[This€form€came€from€*.eff.org€€-€please€leave€this€line€on€the€form!ÌIf€you€found€it€elsewhere,€please€tell€us€where€so€we€see€how€far€Ìit€goes.€Sysop€members€should€place€their€BBS€name€here€insteadÌwhen€posting€this€form€to€their€systems.]ÌÌThe€Electronic€Frontier€Foundation€is€a€U.S.€nonprofit,€501(c)(3)€Ìorganization€supported€by€contributions€from€individual€members,Ìcorporations€and€private€foundations.€Donations€are€tax-deductible.€ÌMerchandise€orders€are€not€tax-deductible.€EFF's€tax€exemption€Ìnumber€is€04-3091431.ÌÌÌ---------------€cut€here€---------------ÌÌÌINTERNET€CONTACT€ADDRESSESÌÌMembership€&€donations:€membership@eff.orgÌLegal€services:€ssteele@eff.orgÌHardcopy€publications:€pubs@eff.orgÌTechnical€questions/problems,€access€to€mailing€lists:€eff@eff.orgÌGeneral€EFF,€legal,€policy€or€online€resources€queries:€ask@eff.orgÌLatest€issue€of€EFFector€(EFF€newsletter):€effector-reflector@eff.orgÌÌÌEFF€PGP€PUBLIC€KEY€FOR€ENCRYPTIONÌÌThis€is€the€ASCII-armored€PGP€2.6us€public€key€for€the€Electronic€ÌFrontier€Foundation€(EFF).€€It€is€compatible€with€PGP€vers.€2.2€-€2.7.ÌPGP€is€an€ecryption€(data€security€encoding)€program,€available€forÌDOS,€OS/2,€Unix,€Macintosh€and€several€other€platforms.€PGP€is€theÌde€facto€Internet€standard€for€encryption,€and€is€available€from€manyÌBBSs,€FTP€sites,€and€other€online€services.€€(If€you€have€trouble€Ìlocating€PGP,€see€ftp.eff.org,€/pub/Net_info/Tools/Crypto/README.Dist).ÌÐ .°+0 ÐNote€that€mail€sent€with€this€key€will€be€considered€addressed€to€ÌEFF€in€general,€not€to€a€specific€person,€unless€otherwise€noted€in€Ìplaintext.€To€send€encrypted€personal€mail€to€someone€at€EFF,€for€Ìwhatever€reason,€please€use€that€person's€own€key,€or€arrange€some€Ìother€method€of€communication.ÌÌThis€key€is€provided€principally€for€the€sending€of€sensitive€legalÌinformation,€and€the€transmission€of€credit€card€numbers€over€the€Ìnet€securely€when€becoming€a€member€of€EFF.€€It€takes€us€time€and€Ìeffort€to€decrypt,€so€please€don't€use€this€key€trivially.€€ÌThank€you.€Please€expect€a€delay,€as€the€message€will€have€to€beÌtransferred€to€another€system€for€decryption€(we€do€not€keep€PGP€Ìor€our€secret€keys€on€our€Internet€systems€for€security€reasons.)ÌÌÌTo€add€this€key€to€your€public€key€ring,€save€the€key€as€a€fileÌcalled€pgpkey.eff,€then€use€the€following€DOS€€commandline,€Ìin€your€PGP€directory:ÌÌpgp€-ka€pgpkey.eff€pubring.pgpÌÌIf€your€public€key€ring€has€another€name,€use€that€instead€of€Ì"pubring.pgp".ÌÌFor€MacPGP,€click€on€Key€|€Add€Key,€select€pgpkey.eff€as€Ìthe€file€to€get€key€from,€and€pubring.pgp€(or€whatever€your€Ìpubring€is)€for€file€to€add€key€to.ÌÌTo€encrypt€a€message,€please€see€the€PGP€documentation,€and€Ìremember€that€you€will€almost€certainly€need€to€generate€the€Ìresult€as€an€ASCII-armored€file,€so€you€can€email€it€Ì(non-ASCII-armored€PGP€ciphertexts€are€binary,€and€will€get€Ìmangled€if€you€try€to€email€them.)ÌÌ***€NOTE!€€PLEASE€INCLUDE€YOUR€EMAIL€ADDRESS€*INSIDE*€THE€Ì€€€€ENCRYPTED€MESSAGE€any€time€you€send€us€crypto-mail,€else€Ì€€€€we€may€not€be€able€to€reply,€if€the€original€email€headers€Ì€€€€are€lost.ÌÌThe€key€itself:ÌÌ-----BEGIN€PGP€PUBLIC€KEY€BLOCK-----ÌVersion:€2.6ÌÌmQCPAy7QlNwAAAEEAKMNCpEGP2868gPmT+5ILWveARJEFRQius+CP8hHG331YAywÌbeLmllnFUNLEKBKSlX9gyNL7/KKZXCaK1hbfaB7jC0f6KyK68dOeMR1jkpw73NqCÌi6/U9RqMBDGzzMz5dnDoqz9s5f33xrYZC+qwTKmGyh0mcFaCzJ21/+6ZWS/tABEBÌAAG0LEVsZWN0cm9uaWMgRnJvbnRpZXIgRm91bmRhdGlvbiA8ZWZmQGVmZi5vcmc+ÌiQCVAwUQLtCVljZAgYw09MRxAQHRLwP8CrE03giPMN0JVMR7aRxmn/XF9sQp9GtJÐ .°+0 ÐmOZFxyvZnkyvW1hM2oMxRVmShWlewg0uphUsB2ayiACYgUhIK36mr7bDpSTqGR7rÌJ+VT+tVz802Q4GgdXUaVKnFb4bbZ9+xREXblDv5GgAjtqq9cdxxan+KeoqIEQlw9ÌiIKOzYGfAF+JAJMDBRAu0JVmnbX/7plZL+0BAQzQA/DyX64lOrLNvn0xDSFfMGVgÌEueZjn1pGm0CBUGctzAHjRlrAeUUReh0JJTOaVcm6lnPZHgmZjFzzmeQbfpHd+6kÌOkV2Yx1fouDJR8ewOMVE+VauC9Xe1YA4/VkAxVjRmlNUs+nyDNaqVwhdkOgalQGOÌ57UtUMy9mrFLNJW/eLW0JUVGRiA8ZWZmQHdlbGwuY29tLCBlZmZAd2VsbC5zZi5jÌYS51cz60HkVGRiA8NzY3MTEuMzE3QGNvbXB1c2VydmUuY29tPrQYRUZGIDwxOjEwÌOS8xMTA4QEZpZG9OZXQ+tBlFRkYgPDE5OjEyMDIvMTAxQFdpc2hOZXQ+tBlFRkYgÌPDM2OToxMDExLzJASW5kcmFOZXQ+tBhFRkYgPDE4MToxOTMvMUBTdG9ybU5ldD60ÌIERpc2NhcmQgb2xkZXIga2V5IC0gaXQncyByZXZva2VkÌ=2A8+Ì-----END€PGP€PUBLIC€KEY€BLOCK-----ÌÌ[Final€note:€beware€line€wrapping€-€key€will€not€work€if€mangled!]ÌÌÌUpdated:€Feb.€16,€1995Ì